诉讼程序

The democratic meritof constitution litigation belongs to the philosophy of constitutionlitigation. It aims at expatiating the necessary and significance ofconstitution litigation, and provides merit directing for the proceduredesign of legislators, the adjudgment acts of constitutional gownsmanand party's lawsuit act.

宪法诉讼的民主价值属于宪法诉讼哲学的一部分，它旨在揭示宪法诉讼机制存在的必要性及其意义，为立法者进行程序设计、宪法裁判者从事审判行为，以及当事人进行诉讼活动提供价值指引。

If Recipient institutes patent litigation against any entity (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Program itself (excluding combinations of the Program with other software or hardware) infringes such Recipient's patent, then such Recipient's rights granted under Section 2 shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed.

如果接受人向任何实体提起专利诉讼，指控此程序本身（不包括此程序与其他软件或硬件的组合物）侵犯了这个接受人的专利权，那么第2节b项所授予此接受人的权利将于该诉讼提交日起被终止。

The third part, the author not only explained the relationships in reconciliation, mediation and trail, but also described the differences that the degree of judger involvement in lawsuit procedure as well as application in law, by inspecting dynamically in reconciliation, and then specifically analyzing the differences among them. The author pointed out reconciliation is not an accessory of trail procedure, but is a system independent from the trail and mediation.

第三部分从动态上对诉讼和解进行考察，既阐述了诉讼和解与调解及审判之间的联系，又从诉讼过程中法官介入的程度以及三者适用法律规范的不同，具体分析了它们之间的差异，指出诉讼和解不是审判程序的一个附属品，而是独立于审判及法院调解的一项制度。

After the introduction of the basic theory, the author analyzes pretrial procedureby comparative study.

在对民事诉讼审前程序基本理论介绍的基础上，笔者对有关国家民事诉讼审前程序进行了比较研究。

In order to establish a feasible shareholder derivative suit system, we should study and solve the following problems such as the qualification of party, the precedent processes, the preventing of abusing rights, the sponsion, payment and sharin...

合理地构建股东代表诉讼制度，要求我们确立正确的指导思想并使之贯彻于整个立法和司法的过程。在具体制度设计上，需要重点解决股东代表诉讼中的当事人资格、前置程序、诉讼费用担保与恶意诉讼阻却、诉讼费用的交纳与负担等问题。

Subsequently, along with the development in the structure of criminal proceedings, the prevalent Inquisitorial System in the Centralization era shifted to the Accusatorial System used in the modern era. Under the structure of the Accusatorial System, it evidently balances the disparity in the defendant's power and the strong national authority, thereby to materialize the significance of fair procedure. Thus, how to prevent the principal role of the procedure – the defendant enjoys the right to defense – from falling into "The Emperor's New Clothes" has always been an important issue. The development of the defense system and the function of legal assistance are important aspects of the major issue.

随著刑事诉讼的发展扬弃纠问制度，迈向现代的控诉制度，在控诉制度构造下，更是突显平衡刑事被告与实力强大的国家间的落差以实现公平审判/公正程序目的的重要性，如何避免程序主体－被告享有防御权利沦为美丽的国王新衣，可谓刑事诉讼一直以来至为重要的课题，律师的功能与辩护制度的发展即为此重课题中的关键环节。

According to the relation between the right of action and adjudicative power, the right of action can be divided into procedural right of claim and formation.

以诉讼权利与审判权力的关系为标准，可以将诉讼权利分为程序请求权和程序形成权两种类型。

However, the simplified procedure of civil actions in China's is no longer adaptable to the current condition of the ever increasing number of various civil disputes and litigations, consequently causing many problems; such as,"Application of the simplified procedure is confined to basic level courts and people's tribunals only, inadaptable to practical requirement."

然而我国民事诉讼的简易程序却在各类民事纠纷和诉讼的数量与日俱增的这一现状下无法适应，出现了诸多问题。如&适用简易程序的法院只限于基层法院及其派出法庭，不能适应现实的需要。&

Nowadays, in our country, the system of pretrial preparation is in the beginning stage with only some preparation work for opening the court session, such as service of litigious documents, informing rights and obligations of parties, noticing litigants innerving action and etc, which is unable to launch the parties to positively intervene, or to find the best path to solve the dispute.

我国目前民事诉讼制度中审前准备制度还处在&准备阶段&，只是为开庭审理做一些准备性的工作，如送达诉讼文书、告知当事人权利与义务、通知当事人到庭参加诉讼等等，而没有程序本身发动各方当事人积极参加诉讼、寻求最佳解决纠纷途径的作用。

The legislative purpose of the system of civil suit collateral to criminal proceedings is to lessen the pending suits,to increase litigation efficiency,to safeguard criminal cases being correctly handled,to uphold the unity and seriousness of judicial judgment,to safeguard the property interests of state and collectives,and the legal rights and interests of victims However,with the continuous progress of the construction of legality,and the increasing perfection of civil substantives and procedural laves.the practice value of the civil suit collateral to crimihal proceedings has been challenged At the same time.the defects in the design of legislative norms and institutions d China make the collateral civil proceedings lack of independence,the remedy scope too narrow,which result in insufficient protection on the rights and interests of victims.

刑事附带民事诉讼制度的立法目的在于减轻诉累，提高诉讼效率，保证正确处理刑事案件、维护司法判决的统一性和严肃性、维护国家、集体财产利益以及被害人的合法权益。但随着法制建设的不断进步，民事实体和程序法律的不断完善，刑事附带民事诉讼制度的实践价值受到质疑。同时由于我国在立法规范和制度设计上的缺陷，导致附带民事诉讼缺乏独立性救济范围过于狭窄，从而造成了对被害人的利益保护不足。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。