诉讼的

Article 152 Where a director or senior manager is under the circumstance as stated in Article 150 of this Law, the shareholder of the limited liability company or joint stock limited company separately or aggregately holding 1% or more of the total shares of the company may require the board of supervisors or the supervisor of the limited liability company with no board of supervisors in writing to file a lawsuit in the people's court.

第一百五十二条董事、高级管理人员有本法第一百五十条规定的情形的，有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司连续一百八十日以上单独或者合计持有公司百分之一以上股份的股东，可以书面请求监事会或者不设监事会的有限责任公司的监事向人民法院提起诉讼；监事有本法第一百五十条规定的情形的，前述股东可以书面请求董事会或者不设董事会的有限责任公司的执行董事向人民法院提起诉讼。

Authorize full or limited participation in proceedings before the court by interested persons or agencies, including appearance amicus curiae, intervention as a party pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, examination of witnesses or documentary materials, or participation in any other manner and extent which serves the public interest as the court may deem appropriate

授权利益相关的个人、机构全部或限制性地出席诉讼，包括协助法庭解释法律的人出庭，作为联邦民事程序规则规定的一方当事人的干预，文件材料的检查，或由法院认定的以其它方式和内容参加的诉讼。

1 In the event of actual or threatened suit against STR in relation to the services undertaken on behalf of the Customer or in relation to any of the Products or the Trade Mark or Patent of the Customer or of any allegation of infringement of any letters patent, registered design, trade mark

若有与乙方代表甲方所承担的服务相关、或与甲方的任何产品或商标或专利相关而针对乙方的任何实际的或可能的诉讼，或若有对任何专利证书、注册设计、商标或商号的侵权声明，甲方应当赔偿乙方，以使其免受任何因此而产生的责任、诉讼、索赔请求、催告、开支、收费和费用或抗

1 In the event of actual or threatened suit against STR in relation to the services undertaken on behalf of the Customer or in relation to any of the Products or the Trade Mark or Patent of the Customer or of any allegation of infringement of any letters patent, registered design, trade mark or trade

若有与乙方代表甲方所承担的服务相关、或与甲方的任何产品或商标或专利相关而针对乙方的任何实际的或可能的诉讼，或若有对任何专利证书、注册设计、商标或商号的侵权声明，甲方应当赔偿乙方，以使其免受任何因此而产生的责任、诉讼、索赔请求、催告、开支、收费和费用或抗辩

1 In the event of actual or threatened suit against STR in relation to the services undertaken on behalf of the Customer or in relation to any of the Products or the Trade Mark or Patent of the Customer or of any allegation of infringement of any letters patent, registered design, trade mark or tradename, the Customer shall indemnify STR harmless from any liability, action, claim, demand, costs, charges and expenses arising there from or expense including solicitors fees, counsel's fees in defending such action Provided Always that the Customer will at its own election either effect any settlementor compromise or at its own expense defend any such action or proceeding and the Customer shall pay the costs of any settlement or compromise effected.

若有与乙方代表甲方所承担的服务相关、或与甲方的任何产品或商标或专利相关而针对乙方的任何实际的或可能的诉讼，或若有对任何专利证书、注册设计、商标或商号的侵权声明，甲方应当赔偿乙方，以使其免受任何因此而产生的责任、诉讼、索赔请求、催告、开支、收费和费用或抗辩此等行为而发生的费用，包括律师费、顾问费，但若甲方将自行决定采取任何和解或妥协行动，或自负费用抗辩此等行为或程序，则甲方应当支付采取任何和解或妥协行动的费用。

The article describes the characters of the standard of proof in different means of comparing, history comparing and logical analysis and so on. In the base of the summings-up of the up-to-the-minute situation about the forenamed content, we bring forward some opinion about the standard of proof, and want to have a few revelations to those researches.

文章中利用比较研究、历史研究以及逻辑分析等方法从不同角度对证明标准所反映的特征进行了逐一的描述，并总结了国内到目前为止最新的有关这个方面理论的一些情况，在这个基础之上提出了自己对于民事诉讼证明标准特征的一点看法，并希望能够对中国民事诉讼证明标准理论的研究提供有益的启示。

Although there are different kinds of constitution litigation under thedifferent culture background and they have different characteristic intheir frondose manipulating, we can't deny the fact that the mechanismof constitution litigation has characteristics spanning terrain.

虽然，在不同的文化背景下，在不同民族的政治实践中，宪法诉讼生发出了不同的类型，在其具体的运作方面又存在着这样那样的不同，但不可否认，作为人类文明史上结出的一枝奇葩，宪法诉讼机制具有跨越地域的属性。

From the 1980s to 2002,American law profess Marc Galanter wrote three empirical researcharticles.He through a large amount of data empirical materials,take a panamic view of the deionon the dynamic development of United States civil trial during that period.This research the analysis indicates that,in the context of case management,settlement mediation got me me recognition by judges, that has brought to a changing of judicial philosophy the pattern of civil justice,the Justice gradually diversified into the diversified dispute resolution mechanism,the trial litigation continuous decline, the role of litigation in contempary development of the rule of law law began to decrease.

美国著名法社会学家Marc Galanter教授从1980年代到2002年的三篇实证研究，通过大量数据和经验性资料对这一时期美国民事审判的动态发展做出了一种全景式的描述，其研究和分析表明，在案件管理的背景下，和解和调解越来越受到法官的认同，并带来了司法理念和模式的转变，司法逐步融入多元化纠纷解决机制之中，以致审判结案率和诉讼率整体持续下降，诉讼在当代法治和法律发展中的作用开始降低。

In chapter three,that is the basic content of burden of proof,firstly,the dissertation totally repudiates the view that case facts are the object of bur-den of roof and also maintains that the objects of burden of proof of Chinais requirement facts.

在第三章证明责任基本内容中，其一，对案件事实作为证明责任对象的观点进行了全面否定，并认为我国证明责任对象为要件事实；其二，在比较两大法系证明责任适用条件的基础上，对我国证明责任适用条件所涉及的理论基础和条件进行了新的解释；其三，主张证明责任的性质是一种法定的风险分配，并与当事人的诉讼活动无关；其四，主张在当事人主义和职权主义诉讼中都存在着适用证明责任裁判的可能性。

Abstract」By the approaches of index and explanation of cause and effect,with the statistics in all kinds of yearbooks edited by the authorities ,in comparisonwith some scholars'same studies about other countries or areas ,this article analysesthe impacts of modernization on the evolution of litigation rates in China,1978—2000,and tests the theoretic hypothesis about the relations between social developmentand evolution of litigation established by some foreign scholars.

内容提要」本文运用指标的方法和因果解释的方法，针对国外学者提出的有关社会发展和诉讼率变迁的关系的理论假设，参照国外学者对其他国家和地区这种关系的经验研究，利用政府出版的各种年鉴中的统计资料，分析了中国大陆1978—2000年间现代化发展对民事经济诉讼率变迁的影响。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。