诉讼的

For a lawsuit concerning a dispute over a guarantee contract, if the creditor claims its rights against the guarantor and the warrantee, the people's court shall take the guarantor and the warrantee as codefendants, if the creditor sues only against the guarantor, except that the guarantor shall assume the joint and several liability according to the guarantee contract, the people's court shall notify the warrantee to participate in litigation as the codefendant, and if the creditor sues only against the warrantee, the people's court may only take the warrantee as the defendant.

因保证合同纠纷提起的诉讼，债权人向保证人和被保证人一并主张权利的，人民法院应当将保证人和被保证人列为共同被告；债权人仅起诉保证人的，除保证合同明确约定保证人承担连带责任的外，人民法院应当通知被保证人作为共同被告参加诉讼；债权人仅起诉被保证人的，可只列被保证人为被告。

However, the existing summary procedure for civil lawsuit in our country has not yet formed an integral and complete legal system, legislative interpretation conflicts with judicial interpretation, and the boundary between ordinary procedure and summary procedure is not well defined, which cause chaos and utter disorder for application of summary procedure in court at basic level.

然而我国现行的民事诉讼简易程序尚未形成比较完整统一的法律制度，立法与司法解释相互矛盾，普通程序与简易程序的界限不清，导致基层法院适用简易程序非常混乱，没有统一严格的标准，是一种"皮筋"式程序，导致当事人对司法公正产生怀疑，这些都反映出现行民事诉讼简易程序的规定不能满足现代形势发展的需要。

Third, the analysis to the content and constitute of the rule of efficient criminal evidence in China. The material contents of the rule of criminal evidence in national law include three parts: the rule of achieving evidence and the rule of providing evidence and the rule of affirming evidence. In this part, through the assay of the content and composing of the rule of criminal evidence, the penman expounds the shortage of current law in China.

比找国刑事证据制度本部分通过对刑事诉讼证据制度内容构成分析，指出我国现行关于刑事诉讼证据法律规定的不足之处；四、我国现行刑事证据制度的改革和完善；分析我国现行刑事证据制度的不足，针对刑事审判的实际，提出几点改革和完善的意见：设立污点证人'制度；确立非法证据有限排除规则；完善证人出庭制度。

It is generally assumed that lay jurors tend to overestimate the probative value of hearsay testimony, particularly when the litigants are deprived of the opportunity to cross-examine a declarant who is not a witness in the proceeding.

据普遍的推定，外行的陪审员倾向于过高估计传闻证言的证明价值，尤其是当诉讼当事人被剥夺反法问的机会、不能盘问本人并非诉讼中的证人的陈述人时。

History that it would be idle to embark on any comparison of its merits with those of its inquisitorial rival .

控告式的诉讼模式已经深深地植根于我们的历史中，所以，从事把它的优点与纠问式诉讼模式的优点进行比较的工作是没有价值的。

This chapter introduces the advent and development of multipartite action system, especially its history of development in the USA, explaining that it is not what the western countries all have, but that it is produced with the development of society.

本章介绍群体诉讼制度的产生和发展，着重论述了其在美国的发展史，说明群体诉讼制度不是西方国家共有的制度，而是随着社会的发展产生的。

The article is divided into five parts: Chapter 1. In this chapter the author discusses the history and development of the witness. It experiences the process from obscuration to civilization, from irrational to rational, which leads to the analysis of witness's concept in contemporary procedure law.

全文共分五章：第一章证人概述部分以历史考察的角度简要回顾了证人在诉讼中从野蛮到文明、从非理性到理性的演变过程，从而引出现代诉讼法律意义上证人概念的分析，以奠定证人制度研究的理论基础，理解作证主体的身份。

This paper explores the position and role of the typical constitutional courts in Germany.

本文探讨了具有代表性的德国宪法法院的地位及其任务以及宪法法院的审查范围及具体的诉讼程序，尤其是侵犯人的基本权利的诉讼程序。

According to the tendency,it is necessary to ameliorate our criminal evidence system and to establish the preclusive regulation of the illegal evidence,in orde to reinforce the protection of the every citizen's rights.and the preclusive of the illegal evidence has effects on the equality of controlling the crime and guaranteeing the human rights,and the value's tendency of entity's verity of the criminal judicature and procedural legitimation ,and the balance of the conflict of country's power and the civil rights,ang also the achivement of the procicute's purpose.

根据这一趋势，有必要完善我国刑事证据制度，建立起非法证据排除规则，以加强刑事诉讼中对公民个人权利的保护。其中，刑事非法证据的排除问题，关涉控制犯罪与保障人权的并重，关涉刑事司法实体真实与程序正当的价值趋向，关涉国家权力与公民权利冲突的权衡，以及刑事诉讼目的的实现。

It is material rule form a contrast with litigation structure, producible rule of evidence.

我国现行刑事诉讼结构因较强的职权干预保证了较高的诉讼效率，刑事证据规则的功能在很大程度上被吸收，当务之急首先是完善交叉询问、举证责任等有关证据运用的程序规则以及确立带有根本意义的自由心证原则，刑事证据规则除已有的规定以外，应主要增补排除传闻证据规则。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。