诉讼的

No matter the current code of the civil law, or current general lawsuit theory and adjudgment practice has no relation to the power of the civil adjudgment until now, reviewing adjudgment system and has not merely played its due role, negative effect instead.

不论是现行的民事诉讼法，还是通行的诉讼理论和迄今为止的审判实践均没有正面涉及到既判力问题，再审制度在诉讼过程中不仅没有发挥到应有的作用，反而产生了一定的负面影响。

Basing on historic analysis, the author studies the different mechanisms of the system of handling cases involving both criminal and civil factors in countries belonging to different law systems and under different legal cultural backgrounds. Through this, the author attempts to come to his own reasonable answer to the choice of mode of incidental civil action.

这是在历史分析的基础上，对附带民事诉讼制度所进行的现代横向比较考察，通过考察不同法系、不同法律文化背景下不同国家对待刑、民交叉案件的不同处理机制，试图对附带民事诉讼这一刑民交叉案件的处理模式选择作出自己理性的回答。

It will lead to the apriorism if we introduce the mode of the US Securities Class Action as the civil compensation mechanism of solving the securities dishonesty only because the mode of the US Securities Class Action has a series of advantages compared with the representative action with uncertain numbers of people in our country.

如果仅仅因为美国证券集团诉讼模式比我国的人数不确定的代表人诉讼具有一系列的优势，即要引入此模式作为解决证券欺诈民事赔偿机制，容易出现先验主义的错误，我们必须注意到两国在法律传统、法律体制和法律文化基础等方面的差别。

The author reasons by discussing from angles of definition, inscapes, classification, and scope of damage etc., in order to seek a balance between the protections of litigation parties. Also, several issues implemented in the last part are argued here.

本章从概念、构成要件、类型、范围等方面论证了恶意诉讼应有的判断标准，从而寻找一个保护当事人诉讼权利和相对人利益的平衡点，也对最后具体的条文建议中的各个分论点进行了论证。

The cost of the litigation parties, such as the payment for the lawyers, the judicial authentication, the traffic and the telecommunication fee for the testifiers, the courts and themselves, is called the private expenditure.

国家用于民事诉讼业务的财政预算，如法官的薪金、法院房舍、公务设备、办公费用等，称作公共成本；诉讼当事人个人为取得个案司法保护所承担的资源耗费支出，如当事人聘请律师、取得司法鉴定、支付给证人、支付给法院以及当事人自己的交通、通讯费等，称作私人成本。

So during the litigious process,it"s required that a court should be guided by the idea of" taking person as center to" guarantee the procedural rights of every party and make all adjudications "fair and efficient.

对于人民法院来说，在诉讼过程中，要求在确保公正的基础上，用&以人为本&的理念作指导，保障当事人的诉讼权利，力求使各种案件得到公正高效的裁判，尽量做到案结事了、平息纷争。

Firstly growing out of such judicial environment of burdened caseloads and judge shortage in the West World, highly emphasizing reconciliation and efficiency with simple procedure and narrow ambit, SCP alleviates the violent conflict between judge shortage and heavy caseloads .safeguards peoples rights to justice and accelerates social harmony effectively.

它是在民事案件与日俱增，司法资源不堪重负的形势下在西方国家产生的。相比于其他诉讼程序，它适用范围单一，注重调解，程序简便、高效，遵循诉讼程序效益原则，有效地缓解了法院案多人少的矛盾，保障了人民接近司法的权利，促进了社会和谐。

In the criminal procedure, the character evidence not only relates to the protection of the right of the accused, but also to the right of the witnesses in cross-examination and the right of the complainants in special cases. So, the rule is of great diversity and complication.

在刑事诉讼中，品格证据不仅涉及证据的相关性，被告人诉讼权利的保护，还涉及证人的交叉询问规则以及在特殊案件中对被害人的利益进行特殊保护等问题，因而其规则本身极为分散、复杂。

The civil procedural reform, which begins from 1980s of last century, has been carrying out for more than twenty years. The clients' freedom has more and more obtained the respect in the civil procedure and their common meanings have gradually entered the civil procedure. The tendency of the contractual civil procedure appears day by day.

从上个世纪八十年代开始进行的民事司法改革以来，当事人的自由意志在民事诉讼中越来越得到尊重，当事人之间的合意逐渐融入民事诉讼中，民事诉讼法发展的契约化趋势日益显现出来。

In fact, this is not against network service providers to the first sale of commercial litigation, as early as the summer of 2006, the world's first online commodity trading site "California company" had been a few fashion brands of similar allegations. eBay as a sales service network leader, is entangled with day-long lawsuit. Early June, France Troyes High Court judgement had to love eBay Mashi Group paid 20,000 euros, eBay also on the judgement of the complaints, and another one on eBay in the United States launched the proceedings, another luxury Group giant Tiffany became the plaintiff.

实际上，这并不是针对网络销售服务商的第一宗商业诉讼，早在2006年夏天，世界上第一家网上商品交易网站&加利福尼亚人公司&就曾遭到几家时尚品牌公司的类似指控。eBay作为网络销售服务业的龙头老大，更是整日官司缠身。6月初，法国特鲁瓦高等法院就曾判决eBay向爱玛仕集团赔付2万欧元，eBay同样对这项判决提出了申诉，而另一宗在美国对eBay发起的诉讼中，另一家奢侈品集团巨头蒂芬尼成为了原告。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。