诉讼的

Based on the time order, the present thesis studies on patent management and injunctive relief at the beginning of litigation that the defendant needs to notice, as well as everything that should be noticed in counterplea method during litigation. Besides, the present thesis divides the counterplea method into counterplea reasons based on the patent law and the antitrust law.

本文行文以时间为区分点，研究被告於平日应注意之专利管理、诉讼初期的定暂时状态假处分攻防，以及诉讼中的抗辩方法所应注意之事项，其中将诉讼中的抗辩方法区分为专利法上的抗辩事由以及竞争法上的抗辩事由。

Since this action involves the cross between criminal case and civil case, it causes the conflict between the prosecution right of the state and right of civil action and a lot more problems therefore arising.

刑事附带民事诉讼是指在刑事诉讼过程中，人民法院在解决被告人刑事责任的同时，附带解决由被害人及其他权利人、检察机关提起的，要求被告人或其他负有民事赔偿义务的人对其犯罪行为所造成的损害进行赔偿而进行的诉讼活动。

The emergence and development of judge interpretation reflects the trend of strengthening the power of Judges in the civil proceedings of countries and regions under the Continental Law. However, it doesn't mean the proceedings have undergone fundamentally structural changes. The judge has to execute his right of judge interpretation within the extent of dialecticism and disposition doctrine, which is in contrast with the disposition system under the judge-dominant proceedings mode.

释明制度的产生与发展，反映了当前大陆法系国家和地区民事诉讼中强化法官职权的趋势，但这并不意味着其诉讼体制发生结构性根本变化，法官需要在辩论主义和处分权主义的约束范围内适当行使释明权，这与法官职权主导诉讼体制下的职权告知制度有着根本的区别。

In this chapter, the author makes an elaboration of the multipartite action system of some typical countries, compares various kinds of existing multipartite action system, which have the common and probe into its function, principles, advantages and disadvantages and its law of development.

本章对几个有代表性的国家的群体诉讼制度进行论述，对现存的各种具有共同性的群体诉讼制度进行比较，探讨其功能、原理、利弊及其发展规律，对于反思和建构我国代表人诉讼制度具有极其重要的参考价值。

Pretrial conference is an important and unique litigation regulation ofAmerica. It has two main purposes: firstly, to identify and narrow issues, toestablish schedule of the case, to facilitate trial and improve efficency of thelitigation;secondly, to helo parties to understand the strongness and weaknessof their claims and defences, to help parties to reach settlement to resolve thecase.

审前会议是美国民事诉讼中重要而又独特的一项诉讼制度，其主要功能包括两个方面：第一，明确和限制案件争点，为整个案件审理确立日程安排，从而便利庭审进行和提高诉讼效率；第二，通过法官主持的审前会议，让当事人充分了解自身主张的强弱和案件的是非曲直，从而促进案件得以和解。

Finally, the article brings forward the suggestions concerning legislation in the infringement of the right of reputation. It concludes that importing the "actual malice" in public official lawsuits aims to the protection for the news organization. The needless lawsuits will be decreased through constituting the system of damage compensating with punishment and the system of compensation if viciously impleading. There are many indefinite ingredients in press lawsuits such as deciding the damages of the spirit.

第五部分则是对我国新闻侵害名誉权提出的一些立法建议，即对国家工作人员引入&实际上的恶意&以对新闻机构予以倾斜保护、建立惩罚性损害赔偿制度、建立恶意不实诉讼赔偿机制以减少不必要的新闻侵权诉讼，及赋予法官自由裁量权对新闻侵害名誉权诉讼中涉及的精神损害赔偿金等众多不确定因素予以自由裁量，以实现公平和正义。

The legitimized procedures are bound to have their practical requirements of rationality.

得以合法化的诉讼程序势必有其合理性实践诉求，对此，本文结合诉讼程序两种实践模式——职权主义和当事人主义——所表征的两种合理性内涵，指明职权主义程序模式的工具合理性性质和当事人主义程序模式的规范合理性性质，并认为它们都是单向度体现了诉讼程序的合理性精神。

The in-court pronouncing judgment, in accordance with pronouncing the judgment on a fixed day, is an important system adopted in the modern civil actions. It refers to an action that after the close of court debate, the chief judge of a collegial panel or the single judge declares the final sentence to legally open or not open civil cases through recessing the court to collegial discussion or making conclusions independently by the single judge.

当庭宣判作为现代民事诉讼中的一项重要制度，与定期宣判相对应，是指人民法院对经依法公开或不公开审理的民事案件，在法庭辩论终结后，经休庭合议或者由独任法官独立做出判决结论，由合议庭审判长或者独任法官当场向到庭参加开庭的当事人、其他诉讼参与人以及旁听人员公开宣告案件裁判结果的诉讼活动。

With more and more civil lawsuits coming out, there were only limited county courts and the expenses especially the blackmail by the batmen lead to difficulties for citizens to claim their rights.

在清代民事诉讼逐渐增多、州县司法资源相对有限、民事诉讼费用的支出尤其是由于差役的勒索等而形成的&讼累&等，都使得小民百姓的民事诉讼面临着种种艰难。

With regard to the lack of corresponding entity right backing for "execute the third party" according to the procedure law in current Chinese creditor"s subrogation system;the inconsistence between the entity law and the procedure law for the conditions to exercise creditor"s subrogation;the obscure effect of the exercising of the creditor"s subrogation;the indefiniteness of right and status of the parties in the subrogation proceeding and so on,it is suggested that amend the civil code,confine the creditor"s subrogation system,coordinate the rules in entity law and procedure law related to the debtees" to exercise their subrogation,define the creditor"s subrogation,the right and obligation of related parties in the procedure,perfect the rules in procedure law in order to provide proceeding procedure security for the realization of the creditors subrogation.

并针对我国现行债权人代位权制度在程序法中&执行第三人&缺乏相应实体权利依据、实体法与程序法有关债权人代位权行使条件规定不一致、债权人行使代位权效力不清、当事人在代位权诉讼中的地位和权利不明确等诸多缺欠，提出了制定民法典确定债权人代位权制度、协调实体法和程序法中关于债权人行使代位权的规定、明确债权人代位权诉讼相关当事人的权利义务、完善程序法规定为债权人代位权实现提供诉讼程序保障的意见。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。