诉讼的

Legal process departmentalism is a conception which maintains that trial process instead of trial judgment should be taken as the starting point and evaluation criteria in the trial activities.

程序本位理念是指在诉讼活动中坚持以诉讼过程，而不是以诉讼结果为出发点和评价标准的理念。

Due to the requirement of speediness and the complexity of intellectual property litigation, the judicial resources should be concentrated on the issues over which the parties are disputing, and thus the court could be able to make a judgment directly, as a matter of law, where no genuine issue of material fact is present.

由於涉及智慧财产权之诉讼兼具复杂性与时效性，故应尽量将诉讼资源集中於诉讼双方当事人有争议的部分，法院可迳就实体无争议之案件为法律上之裁判。

It is applicable to those cases, in which the value of the object of action is little and the disputes are trivial in character. Its establishment is helpful to simplify judicial proceedings, eradicate judicial delay, minimize judicial costs, and speed up the trial of cases. Hereby, it will not only promote the public to get close to the judiciary and take advantage of the legal weapon, but also help the court solve quickly civil disputes. Thus, the procedure makes civil trials develop for the need of social development.

设立民事简易程序的意义在于针对所适用的案件诉讼标的额小、争议不大的特点，简化诉讼程序，消除诉讼拖延，降低诉讼成本，加快案件审理进度，由此不仅有益于促进民众对司法的接近和利用，也有益于法院迅速审结民事案件，从而使民事审判更加适应社会发展的需要。

Gradually along with the litigation mode of Adversarial system seeps into criminal law area of our country, under the change of the relationship between the accusant and the defender, and the weakening color of the litigation mode of strong Inquisitorial system, and judge's position is more negative and overcome, gradually, the litigation conduct power theories starts to be mentioned and is valued by scholars learn criminal law.

随著当事人主义的诉讼模式逐渐渗入到我国刑事诉讼领域，在控审关系发生变革、强职权主义色彩削弱、法官地位更加消极和克制的情况下，诉讼指挥权理论逐步开始被我国刑事诉讼法学的学者提及并受到重视。

In fact, CA ecology and political environments arecoordinated in emerge and motivation. Traditional accusatorial action and originaldemocracy are coordinated; traditional inquisitorial action and dictator-type system arecoordinated; modern CA and modern politic systems are coordinated.

实际上，刑事诉讼生态与政治环境保持着共生、互动与协调的生态平衡关系：传统弹劾式诉讼与原始民主政体是协调的；传统纠问式诉讼与专制集权政体是匹配的；而现代刑事诉讼生态与民主宪政体制则极为和谐一致。

The difference between western culture and eastern culture makethe their social environments different. The western is inclined to issue-resolve, law culture,individual value, which makes traditional accusatorial action ecology go on and on; theeastern is inclined to no dispute, person-administration and nation-dominant, which formsthe Chinese CA ecology characterized with inquisitorial elements, especially the formationof the absolute power leads the random of the CA.

东方文化与西方文化的巨大差异使得刑事诉讼生态随着社会环境的变迁转换的进度与程度的极大差异性，西方的好讼观念、法治文化、个人本位价值观使得西方刑事诉讼生态的弹劾成份在一个相当长的历史时期得以维续；东方社会尤其是中国的无讼意识、人治文化和家国本位价值观使得刑事诉讼生态很早就形成了纠问成份特别浓厚的刑事诉讼生态，尤其是绝对王权的形成导致刑事诉讼极大依附特性与权力的相当恣意性。

In the first chapter, the general knowledge of litigation system has been reviewed briefly. The litigation system is an unceasing improving result of its development and there is no unchanging litigation form. New litigation types are emerging continuously due to the social and economic development and changement.

第一章简要回顾了诉讼体系的一般知识，诉讼体系是不断完善的历史发展结果，没有固定不变的诉讼形态，由于社会经济情况的发展变化，会不断出现新的诉讼类型。

The organ litigation is a sort of the administrative litigations which the court arbitrates the administrative power dispute.

机关诉讼是指由法院通过诉讼程序解决行政机关权限争议的一种诉讼类型。

In thefirst place,the author eriticizes the confusion of conflicts of actions incivil procedural law textbooks in our country.On the basis ofreference to the viewpoint in face in civil law countries,and based onsubstantive law theory concerning object of action,the author gives adetailed and deepened analysis of the possible theoretical andprocedural questions of objective conflict of civil actions.Then theauthor studies the definitions,conditions,procedures and the processof court decision-making about the alteration of theobject of action,and tries to construct a whole set of theoretical system concerningobjective conflicts of action and alteration of the object of action.

首先，本文批判了我国民事诉讼法教材中关于诉的合并概念的混乱现象，在借鉴世界大陆法系通行的理论观点的前提下，以诉讼标的理论实体法学说为基础，分析了客观的诉的合并的条件、种类，论述了客观诉的合并的审查与裁判的过程，对民事诉讼中客观的诉的合并可能涉及的诸多理论和程序问题进行了深入细致的分析；在此基础之上，进一步对诉讼标的的变更的含义、条件以及诉讼标的变更的程序和法院的裁判过程进行了研究，力图建立一套完整的客观的诉的合并和诉讼标的的变更理论体系。

It is would be said that the developing and transforming process of modern Chinese lawsuit culture, is a process traditional lawsuit culture conflicting with western lawsuit culture, and also is a process the tradition lawsuit culture meeting the challenge, sublating and then realizing the creative transformation.

可以说近代中国诉讼文化的发展变革过程，是一个传统诉讼文化与西方诉讼文化的冲突过程，也是中国传统诉讼文化迎接挑战，扬弃自身，进而实现创造性转换的过程。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。