诉讼的

It is natural therefore that in the Legis Actio the remuneration of the Judge should be reduced to a reasonable sum, and that, instead of being adjudged to one of a number of arbitrators by popular acclamation, it should be paid as a matter of course to the State which the Praetor represents.

这被诗人认作是英雄时代城市生活中一个显著的、特有的、但仍旧只是偶然的特点而加以介绍的一幕，在民事诉讼的历史开始时，就被固定而成为一种正式的、通常的诉讼手续。

In the interest of obtaining juridical redress when infractions occur, and for the sake of adapting the development of socialistic market economy, in the domain of legislation and to be established in the situation of China, a suit of system of civil action and the procuratorial organs' instating common pleas is to be set up to endue the procuratorial organs' with finite civil instating authority, which on one hand answers the demands of consummating jural supervising system, and in the other hand the exigent require of keep irregularity within limit.

为了使公共利益受到侵害时获得司法救济，适应我国社会主义市场经济的发展，必须立足于我国的国情，从立法上建立一套我国的民事诉讼制度。建立我国检察机关提起民事诉讼的制度，赋予检察机关一定范围内的民事起诉权，这既是完善法律监督制度的需要，也是遏制现实生活中针对国家和社会公共利益的民事违法行为的迫切要求。

Writer from analyze the history origin of this system with apply present condition to commence, try with candor and efficiency this civil case in courts of the basic value and civil case counter-claim inside proper value of system for angle of view, bring up a condition and counter-claim to the foundation theories problems such as concept,property and characteristics etc.s and cross action of the cross action of before accept,review handle.take up a series of problem of etc. to carry on to re-examine with define, try hard for was perfect the cross action system of the our country to become an individual to fasten the integrity,contents enrichment,function ready,operate viable litigation system.

笔者从分析这一制度的历史渊源和适用现状入手，尝试以公正和效率这一对民事诉讼的基本价值和民事反诉制度内在固有的价值为视角，对反诉的概念、性质和特点等基础理论问题和反诉的提起条件以及反诉的受理、审前处理、审理等一系列问题进行重新审视和界定，力求将我国的反诉制度完善成为一个体系完整、内容充实、功能齐备、操作可行的诉讼制度。

Each Party irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of any such court in any action or proceeding relating to this Agreement; provided, however, that Applied may seek injunctive relief for the purpose of protecting its Intellectual Property Rights in any court of competent jurisdiction, wherever located.

每一个党的不可改变提交专属管辖权和地点的任何此类法院的任何诉讼或诉讼的有关本协议；不过，所提供的应用，可寻求禁令救济，以保护其知识产权，在任何具有司法管辖权的法院位于何处。

Subsequently, along with the development in the structure of criminal proceedings, the prevalent Inquisitorial System in the Centralization era shifted to the Accusatorial System used in the modern era. Under the structure of the Accusatorial System, it evidently balances the disparity in the defendant's power and the strong national authority, thereby to materialize the significance of fair procedure. Thus, how to prevent the principal role of the procedure – the defendant enjoys the right to defense – from falling into "The Emperor's New Clothes" has always been an important issue. The development of the defense system and the function of legal assistance are important aspects of the major issue.

随著刑事诉讼的发展扬弃纠问制度，迈向现代的控诉制度，在控诉制度构造下，更是突显平衡刑事被告与实力强大的国家间的落差以实现公平审判/公正程序目的的重要性，如何避免程序主体－被告享有防御权利沦为美丽的国王新衣，可谓刑事诉讼一直以来至为重要的课题，律师的功能与辩护制度的发展即为此重课题中的关键环节。

However, the simplified procedure of civil actions in China's is no longer adaptable to the current condition of the ever increasing number of various civil disputes and litigations, consequently causing many problems; such as,"Application of the simplified procedure is confined to basic level courts and people's tribunals only, inadaptable to practical requirement."

然而我国民事诉讼的简易程序却在各类民事纠纷和诉讼的数量与日俱增的这一现状下无法适应，出现了诸多问题。如&适用简易程序的法院只限于基层法院及其派出法庭，不能适应现实的需要。&

Zhuzhi poems in the Qing Dynasty vividly describe the atmosphere of litigiosity in the folk society,the reason and artifice in the civilian litigation,the phenomenon that yamen runners considered the litigation as the origin of profit,and the harmfulness of the litigation.

清代竹枝词即对民间社会好讼或健讼的风气、乡民争讼的原因和技巧、衙役视诉讼为利薮的现象以及诉讼的危害进行了生动的刻画。

So we should from purs

所以我们应从追求&客观真实&的证明要求，转向追求&法律真实&的证明要求，改变原来的一元化证明标准，确立&高度盖然性&的民事诉讼证明标准，并以&客观真实&作为我们诉讼的终极目标。

Chapter six is about jurisdictions over matrimonial causes and succession matters. It expounds jurisdictions over matrimonial causes (including the divorce, nullity and judicial separation, presumption of death and dissolution of marriage, declarations of status, financial relief, and polygamous marriages), family disputes (including the guardianship and custody, adoption, legitimacy, legitimation and mental disorder) as well as succession matters (including administration of estates and succession).

第六章为婚姻家庭案件及继承案件管辖权，阐述了婚姻诉讼案件管辖权（包括离婚、司法别居或者婚姻无效诉讼的管辖权，死亡推定和婚姻解除的管辖权，身份宣告的管辖权，经济扶助和扶养管辖权和多配偶婚姻问题）、家庭案件管辖权（包括监护和保佐管辖权、收养管辖权、婚生地位宣告的管辖权、准正的管辖权和对精神失常者的管辖权）以及继承案件的管辖权（包括批准遗产代理的管辖权和继承管辖权）。

Sometimes clients show your letters to others without realizing they can lose the attorney-client privilege of that communication. Add this phrase at the top of the letter to remind them not to do this: CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEY-CLIENT COMMUNICATION DO NOT COPY OR DISCLOSE TO ANYONE ELSE If the letter is written during or in anticipation of litigation, the following phrase can be used: CONFIDENTIAL ATTORNEY-CLIENT COMMUNICATION AND WORK PRODUCT DO NOT COPY OR DISCLOSE TO ANYONE ELSE

有时候，客户们将收到的律师函拿给第三方阅读，因为他们不知道他们不能将其与律师之间沟通的内容披露给他方，所以，应该在信函的首部写上一些话来提醒客户：&律师与客户之间的沟通交流为秘密信息，未经允许，不得复制或披露给第三方&如果信函是发生在诉讼之中或是诉讼的准备阶段，那最好用下面这段话：律师与客户之间的沟通交流和律师的工作成果为秘密信息，未经允许，不得复制或披露给第三方

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。