诉讼的

On the base of the right of subrogation in marine insurance, this paper will do the research from the point of view of action;on the base of existing stipulations and legal theories of the action of subrogation in marine insurance, maritime action and civil action, this paper will consult the foreign correlative theories;not only from the point of view of the legal theories, but also by consulting the cases and usual ways in judicature of our country, this paper will make the research more practical;this paper will also do the research by induction, organon and interests-comparing, etc.

本文将在海上保险代位求偿权制度的基础上，从诉讼角度展开较为系统的研究；在我国现有的海上保险代位求偿诉讼、海事诉讼以及民事诉讼的法律规定和法律理论的基础上，参考国外相关的法律理论，对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题进行较为系统的研究；不仅从理论的角度，还要参考我国司法实践中的相关案例和通常做法，使得对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题的研究更贴近实务，更具有实际操作性；运用归纳、推理的逻辑方法，采用利益比较等具体方法，对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题进行了较为全面的研究。

The litigation cost is the price that the participants in proceedings invest into human material financial and time resources, the litigation benefit is the output that the participants in proceedings try to get from the resources' input The relation of input--output is the question of product function, the relation of cost--benefit is the question of value function, they are two aspects of the same problem.

诉讼成本是诉讼参加人投入的人力物力财力和花去的时间的价格，诉讼收益是诉讼参加人通过投入而试图得到的产出结果。诉讼的投入产出关系是个生产函数的问题，诉讼的成本收益的关系是一个价值函数的关系，它们是同一个问题的两个方面。

This thesis intends to analyses the contents and the nature of shareholder"s right, direct action and derivative action of some countries and regions such as England, the United States, France, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan region, then analyses the current situation of the legislation and the enforcement of the law onshareholder"s lawsuit, and then intends to make suggestion on how to perfect the direct action and how to establish the derivative action in our country.

论文对股东权的内容和性质、股东直接诉讼和股东派生诉讼的法理作了分析，利用现有资料对各国和地区如英国、美国、法国、韩国、日本和我国台湾地区的股东直接诉讼和股东派生诉讼作了比较研究，并分析了我国股东诉讼的立法和司法现状，然后对完善我国的股东直接诉讼制度和建立我国的股东派生诉讼制度提出自己的建议。

First, on the hand of litigation, the world is moving towards a more normative solution in the jurisdiction, adjudication and execution of lawsuits concerning shareholders rights. China should bring in litigations concerning right to address inquiries as a remedy to the imperfection of law. The scope and object of adjudication of court should be determined by the nature of case. Ways to perfect specific provisions in the area of jurisdiction, time limit, preservation measures as well as execution are also proposed in the paper. Second, on the hand of non-litigation, scrutinizer as a means of non-litigation is neutral and order of investigation is convenient. Non-litigation should be brought into Chinese company law as a supplement of litigation.

第一，各国及各地区立法在股东知情权诉讼的管辖、审理及执行等方面的规范更加完善，重点结合我国司法实践中股东知情权诉讼的争议，认为应当建立质询权诉讼机制弥补法律的缺失，依据知情权诉讼的本质确定法院的受理范围及审理对象，探讨通过完善股东知情权理论基础确定诉讼的被告，同时对诉讼中具体规范如管辖、诉讼时效、保全措施及执行等方面的完善提出建议；第二，检查人选任制度作为非诉讼救济方式具有中立、全面的特点，调查令方式具有方便的优势，从而建议我国公司法可引入非诉讼救济方式作为诉讼救济方式的补充。

After completing study on the rural dispute under the lawsuit dimension and the lawsuit under the rural dispute dimension,analyzing concretely the relationship between the type of rural dispute and the lawsuit efficiency,the suability trend of rural dispute,the rural soil of rural lawsuit,farmers in the rural lawsuit,the new c...

应在完成对诉讼维度下的农村纠纷和农村纠纷维度下的诉讼的考察，具体地分析农村纠纷的类型与诉讼效能发挥的关系，农村纠纷的可诉性趋势，农村诉讼的乡村土壤，农村诉讼中的农民，农村诉讼的新特点等方面的因素后，才能对当前的农村纠纷诉讼作出一个准确的定位，而这个定位是今后研究诉讼解决农村纠纷的有效性的逻辑起点。

Secondly, the jurisprudence basis of shareholder action right, which included in SDA, is researched from the perspective of substantial and procedural law. Upon the basis of comparison on corporate law of different countries, the third party does the research on the subject of SDA, the precondition of SDA, the jurisdiction of SDA, the determination of filing fee, the security for litigation fee provided by defendant, the judiciary inspection of SDA, plaintiff's right of claim and liability of compensation under the circumstances of case wining or losing, the res judicate of judgment, compensation of SDA, period of litigation and whatsoever.

在对各国公司法进行了比较研究的基础上，研究了股东派生诉讼的诉讼主体、股东提起派生诉讼的前提条件、股东派生诉讼的管辖权、案件受理费的确定及被告诉讼费用的担保、股东派生诉讼的司法审查、原告股东胜诉时的请求权及败诉时应承担的赔偿责任、股东派生诉讼判决的既判力、股东派生诉讼的赔偿及其诉讼时效期间等问题。

Secondly, the jurisprudence basis of shareholder action right, which included in SDA, is researched from the perspective of substantial and procedural law. Upon the basis of comparison on corporate law of different countries, the third party does the research on the subject of SDA, the precondition of SDA, the jurisdiction of SDA, the determination of filing fee, the security for litigation fee provided by defendant, the judiciary inspection of SDA, plaintiffs right of claim and liability of compensation under the circumstances of case wining or losing, the res judicate of judgment, compensation of SDA, period of litigation and whatsoever.

在对各国公司法进行了比较研究的基础上，研究了股东派生诉讼的诉讼主体、股东提起派生诉讼的前提条件、股东派生诉讼的管辖权、案件受理费的确定及被告诉讼费用的担保、股东派生诉讼的司法审查、原告股东胜诉时的请求权及败诉时应承担的赔偿责任、股东派生诉讼判决的既判力、股东派生诉讼的赔偿及其诉讼时效期间等问题。

No person shall bring a putative or certified class action to arbitration, nor seek to enforce any predispute arbitration agreement against any person who has initiated in court a putative class action; or who is a member of a putative class who has not opted out of the class with respect to any claims encompassed by the putative class action until: the class certification is denied; or the class is decertified; or the customer is excluded from the class by the court.

任何人均不得将一项可能被法院受理的或已被法院受理的集体诉讼提交仲裁，也不得针对已经向法院提出可能被受理的集体诉讼、且并未针对该集体诉讼所涉及的任何索偿选择退出该集团的人士强制执行任何纷争前的仲裁合约，除非出现下列三种情况：法院拒绝受理该集体诉讼；该集体诉讼的法院受理被取消；法院已将客户排除在该集体诉讼之外。

The essential frame of the natural species lawsuit includes:it is one kind of the public welfare lawsuit;It must keep balance between in enduing with the natural species lawsuit qualifications and preventing the malicious lawsuit;Its implementation mechanism is the procuratorial lawsuit.

自然物种诉讼的基本框架包括：自然物种诉讼是公益诉讼的一种表现形式；自然物种诉讼要在赋予自然物种诉讼资格和防止恶意诉讼之间保证一种平衡；自然物种诉讼的实施机制是代物诉讼。

Lawsuit reconciliation has following characters: firstly, the connotation of lawsuit reconciliation is different from extra-litigation conciliation, court mediation and civil execution reconciliation; secondly, the procedure and result of lawsuit reconciliation is formatted by the rules as well as the consensus.

诉讼和解的制度概貌包括如下几点：其一，在内涵上诉讼和解不同于相邻的诉讼外和解、法院调解以及执行和解；其二，在制度形态上诉讼和解不但强调合意的纯化，其过程和结果还受合意和规范的二元规制，如何评价诉讼和解的功能则存在多样化基准；其三，诉讼和解制度植根于民事诉讼的基本原则，又推动了诉讼原则的更新。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。