诉讼

The democratic meritof constitution litigation belongs to the philosophy of constitutionlitigation. It aims at expatiating the necessary and significance ofconstitution litigation, and provides merit directing for the proceduredesign of legislators, the adjudgment acts of constitutional gownsmanand party's lawsuit act.

宪法诉讼的民主价值属于宪法诉讼哲学的一部分，它旨在揭示宪法诉讼机制存在的必要性及其意义，为立法者进行程序设计、宪法裁判者从事审判行为，以及当事人进行诉讼活动提供价值指引。

The paper analyzes various views and reasons that if limitation is applicable to the claim of identification of invalid contract,and argues that the affirmance of contract invalidation should be restricted by limitation.The limitation should be started from the point of expiration date of the fulfillment of obligations and the limita...

通过对无效合同的确认是否适用诉讼时效的各种观点及理由的评析，认为无效合同的确认应受诉讼时效限制，无效合同确认的诉讼时效以合同义务履行期限届满之日起二年为准，无效合同所产生的请求权的诉讼时效分别从合同义务履行期限届满之日起二年内和合同被确认无效之日起二年内。

Article 3 If the interested party directly brings an action against the accounting firm rather than lodges a lawsuit against the audited entity, the people's court shall inform it that it should litigate against the accounting firm and the audited concurrently. If it refuses to litigate against the audited entity, the people's court shall notify the audited entity to participate in the litigation as a codefendant.

第三条 利害关系人未对被审计单位提起诉讼而直接对会计师事务所提起诉讼的，人民法院应当告知其对会计师事务所和被审计单位一并提起诉讼；利害关系人拒不起诉被审计单位的，人民法院应当通知被审计单位作为共同被告参加诉讼。

Chapter 6 put forward some suggestion to improve the litigating system of misstatement in Issue market, including adopting the actual loss standard define accuser, introducing into group litigation and shareholder derived litigation to perfect litigation mode, adopting assumption trust relation make liability parts quote. This chapter also discussed the demurrer reasons of principal parts involved in misstatement.

第六章旨在对完善我国证券发行市场虚假陈述的民事诉讼机制提出一些建议，主要包括采用实际损失者标准认定诉求主体、引进集团诉讼制度和股东代表诉讼制度来完善诉讼方式、采取信赖推定原则的因果关系认定方法使虚假陈述责任人负责举证，同时丰富和细化了各虚假陈述责任主体的抗辩理由。

On the basis of the discussion on the theories of judge interpretation in the previous part, I will further disclose the relationship between the judge interpretation and legal proceedings. I will differentiate it from the responsible notification system under the judge-dominant proceedings and clearly point out that the institutional prerequisite for China to build the judge interpretation system lies in the complete transformation to the litigants-dominant proceedings, that is, the construction of dialecticism and the principle of discretion.

第三部分释明制度和我国的民事诉讼在前文对释明制度法理依据讨论的基础上，进一步揭示释明制度与诉讼体制的关系，并与法官职权主导诉讼体制下的职权告知制度相区分，明确指出我国构建释明制度的体制前提在于当事人主导诉讼体制转型的完成，即辩论主义和处分权主义的构建。

The evolutionary history of the criminal proceedings is the developmental history of the system of criminal defense. From the accusatory model to inquisitional model and adversary proceedings, the system of criminal defense emerged and is developing rapidly.

从历史上看，从奴隶社会的弹劾式诉讼模式到封建制社会的纠问式诉讼模式，再到近现代社会的控辩式诉讼模式，刑事辩护制度的发展经历了从有到无、又从无到有，并不断扩大、加强的曲折历程，由此推动着刑事诉讼制度的不断进化和臻于完善。

The third part, the author not only explained the relationships in reconciliation, mediation and trail, but also described the differences that the degree of judger involvement in lawsuit procedure as well as application in law, by inspecting dynamically in reconciliation, and then specifically analyzing the differences among them. The author pointed out reconciliation is not an accessory of trail procedure, but is a system independent from the trail and mediation.

第三部分从动态上对诉讼和解进行考察，既阐述了诉讼和解与调解及审判之间的联系，又从诉讼过程中法官介入的程度以及三者适用法律规范的不同，具体分析了它们之间的差异，指出诉讼和解不是审判程序的一个附属品，而是独立于审判及法院调解的一项制度。

The mediatory system, regarded as"excellent tradition"and"successful experience", loses its glory by degrees.

如何改造和重兴民事诉讼调解，仅就目前司法资源的配置现状而言，&调审分离&似为不妥，也不符合效率原则和诉讼经济原则；取消民事诉讼调解程序也不可取，它是对优秀历史传统的全盘否定，民事诉讼调解有其存在的历史价值和现实价值；而墨守于现行的民事诉讼调解程序，则是背离了时代发展的要求。应对艰难的抉择，需要我们进行深入而有益的探索。

It is certain that there are some dissenters in academic field.

而在具体的主参加诉讼类型上，两种类型——一是&就他人间诉讼标的的全部或一部为自己有所请求&的主参加诉讼，一是&主张因其诉讼的结果自己权力将被侵害&的主参加诉讼——又具有不同的历史发展渊源。

In thefirst place,the author eriticizes the confusion of conflicts of actions incivil procedural law textbooks in our country.On the basis ofreference to the viewpoint in face in civil law countries,and based onsubstantive law theory concerning object of action,the author gives adetailed and deepened analysis of the possible theoretical andprocedural questions of objective conflict of civil actions.Then theauthor studies the definitions,conditions,procedures and the processof court decision-making about the alteration of theobject of action,and tries to construct a whole set of theoretical system concerningobjective conflicts of action and alteration of the object of action.

首先，本文批判了我国民事诉讼法教材中关于诉的合并概念的混乱现象，在借鉴世界大陆法系通行的理论观点的前提下，以诉讼标的理论实体法学说为基础，分析了客观的诉的合并的条件、种类，论述了客观诉的合并的审查与裁判的过程，对民事诉讼中客观的诉的合并可能涉及的诸多理论和程序问题进行了深入细致的分析；在此基础之上，进一步对诉讼标的的变更的含义、条件以及诉讼标的变更的程序和法院的裁判过程进行了研究，力图建立一套完整的客观的诉的合并和诉讼标的的变更理论体系。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。