诉讼

At first, the concept and characteristics of environmental tort are analyzed and defined in this part.

文章提出了环境侵权集团诉讼的概念，并分析建立环境侵权集团诉讼制度的理论意义和现实意义。

1 In the event of actual or threatened suit against STR in relation to the services undertaken on behalf of the Customer or in relation to any of the Products or the Trade Mark or Patent of the Customer or of any allegation of infringement of any letters patent, registered design, trade mark or tradename, the Customer shall indemnify STR harmless from any liability, action, claim, demand, costs, charges and expenses arising there from or expense including solicitors fees, counsel's fees in defending such action Provided Always that the Customer will at its own election either effect any settlementor compromise or at its own expense defend any such action or proceeding and the Customer shall pay the costs of any settlement or compromise effected.

若有与乙方代表甲方所承担的服务相关、或与甲方的任何产品或商标或专利相关而针对乙方的任何实际的或可能的诉讼，或若有对任何专利证书、注册设计、商标或商号的侵权声明，甲方应当赔偿乙方，以使其免受任何因此而产生的责任、诉讼、索赔请求、催告、开支、收费和费用或抗辩此等行为而发生的费用，包括律师费、顾问费，但若甲方将自行决定采取任何和解或妥协行动，或自负费用抗辩此等行为或程序，则甲方应当支付采取任何和解或妥协行动的费用。

Disadvantages of adversary include: excessive adversary may result in action delay and increase lawsuit cost, and its function to find truth becomes less effective.

对抗的弊端是：过度对抗引起诉讼拖延，对抗加大了诉讼成本，对抗发现真实功能的发挥越来越有限。

The exemptions from liability, defenses and limitation of liability provided for herein or otherwise shall apply in any action against the Carrier for loss or damage or delay, howsoever occurring and whether the action be founded in contract or in tort and even if the loss, damage or delay arose as a result of unseaworthiness, negligence or fundamental breach of contract.

本提单所载或其他关于免除责任、抗辩及责任限制等项，都应在就灭失、损害或延误事件而向承运人提起的任何诉讼中适用，而且不论该项诉讼是基于合同纠纷或侵权行为而提起，即使此项灭失、损害或延误乃是由于不适航、疏忽或根本违约而产生亦然。

With the development of victimology and the movement of protecting victims, in order to protect legal rights and interests of victims, many countries have balanced procedural rights between the victim and the defendant, instead of the early concentrating on that of the defendant.

无论是被害人享有较高诉讼地位的大陆法系国家，还是被害人诉讼地位相对较低的英美法系国家，纷纷通过立法加强在刑事程序上对被害人的保障。

While Waldron has made a powerful case as to why judicial review and democracy do not fit well together, I have suggested that the case against judicial review can be made even stronger.

沃尔德伦提出了一个关于为什么司法审查与民主并不适合在一起的有力诉讼，同时，我也认为，诉讼替代司法审查可以变得更坚实。

The principle of separation between the accusant and the judiciary is one of foundation tenets and the intensive reflection of fundamental law in criminal proceedings.

现代意义上的控审分离是指在刑事诉讼中作为两大诉讼职能的控诉职能与审判职能在形式上与实质上彻底分开，从而达到保障法官中立、防止追诉权滥用、强化辩护职能和保障被告人权益的目的。

Subsequently, along with the development in the structure of criminal proceedings, the prevalent Inquisitorial System in the Centralization era shifted to the Accusatorial System used in the modern era. Under the structure of the Accusatorial System, it evidently balances the disparity in the defendant's power and the strong national authority, thereby to materialize the significance of fair procedure. Thus, how to prevent the principal role of the procedure – the defendant enjoys the right to defense – from falling into "The Emperor's New Clothes" has always been an important issue. The development of the defense system and the function of legal assistance are important aspects of the major issue.

随著刑事诉讼的发展扬弃纠问制度，迈向现代的控诉制度，在控诉制度构造下，更是突显平衡刑事被告与实力强大的国家间的落差以实现公平审判/公正程序目的的重要性，如何避免程序主体－被告享有防御权利沦为美丽的国王新衣，可谓刑事诉讼一直以来至为重要的课题，律师的功能与辩护制度的发展即为此重课题中的关键环节。

According to the relation between the right of action and adjudicative power, the right of action can be divided into procedural right of claim and formation.

以诉讼权利与审判权力的关系为标准，可以将诉讼权利分为程序请求权和程序形成权两种类型。

In the civil procedure of many countries and districts, appealable interest is an essential requisite to raise appeal procedure.

许多国家和地区的民事诉讼中，上诉利益是上诉的诉讼要件或有效要件之一。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐