设计

Based on the concept of life cycle from planning, design, construction and management of service phase to demolishment and recycling of materials and components, a comprehensive approach focusing on design methodology and methods of life-cycle based bridge design is developed in the dissertation, in which the general framework, procedure and corresponding design methods etc., for life-cycle based bridge design are included.

本文基于全寿命的思想，对桥梁从规划、设计、施工、使用、养护与维修以及拆除和材料、构件回收再利用的整个生命周期进行了基于全寿命的桥梁设计理论与方法进行了系统研究，建立了基于全寿命的桥梁设计总体框架、流程，并得到了各个设计过程相应的设计方法。

The system is composed of hardware design, firmware design, device driver and application software design.

该系统设计包括硬件设计、单片机固件设计以及设备驱动程序设计和用户应用程序设计。

Based on theoretical analysis and model experiment, design of open channel rotor is presented in the paper. The following is included: overall design of system, coolant feed and discharger beside the axis, design of rotor winding, overflow, steam exhausting way in the channel and so on.

论文在理论分析和模型实验的基础上设计了开放管道式蒸发冷却转子方案，其中包括：整体结构设计、轴边进液和余液排出装置、转子线圈结构设计、溢流装置设计和槽内排汽孔方案设计等。

The CSD algorithm is shown to be efficient design method for complex system in parallel, and can search out better design for mixed continuous/discrete system in very reasonable number of system analysis compared to traditional optimization method, and is able to deal with the issue of dynamic design requirements.

并行子空间设计算法不仅有效地实现了并行设计思想，而且与传统的优化算法相比，CSD算法降低飞机系统分析的次数，找到系统全局最优解的概率也较高。另外，它还能成功地解决含有离散/连续混合变量的设计优化问题，以及具有处理工程设计中设计要求动态变化的能力。

Three solution algorithms for classical transportation continuous/discrete/ mixed network design problems are designed based on particle swarm optimization approach, in which the continuous NDP is studied in detail, discrete and mixed NDP are only described the frameworks of the solution algorithms.2. Generally, road capacity constraints must be added to the lower level problem of classical discrete NDPs bilevel programming model in order to avoid traffic assignment on candidate roads.

本论文研究工作主要有如下几个方面：(1)基于粒子群优化思想设计了求解传统的城市道路交通网络设计问题的算法，其中详细研究了连续网络设计问题，并用两个网络例子进行了数值实验；并给出了离散网络设计问题和混合网络设计问题的求解算法思路和主要步骤。

This paper discusses the problems of the roof design in northern frore area with the practice of dwelling house design for Changchun Finance Bureau. The discussion is from five aspects of roof obliquity, dormer window, flat roof, structure design and conformation design.

结合长春市财政局职工住宅小区的屋顶设计实践，分别从屋顶的角度处理、老虎窗设计、屋顶平台设计、结构和构造设计5个方面，探讨了北方严寒地区住宅的屋顶设计问题。

Plenty of samples is provided for training BP neural network by traditional design method and the topology structure is built using forward propagating data and backward propagating error data, which is applied to optimal design of parallel double broken line pulley in order to accomplish the mapping between main parameter of hoisting mechanism of gantry crane and the related parameters of parallel double broken line pulley.

利用传统的设计方法为BP神经网络的学习提供足够样本集，然后通过正向传播和误差反向传播建立BP神经网络的拓扑结构，并将其应用于平行双折线卷筒的智能设计中，以完成龙门起重机起升机构主要设计参数与平行双折线卷筒相关参数的映射，提高设计的质量和效率，为龙门起重机关键零部件的智能设计提供一个新的途径。

2According to requirement of suppressing stray light in two-mirror system, vertex coordinate formulas of inner baffle are deduced based on geometrograph in the case of certain obscuration, viewing field and vignetting. In order to reduce the obscuration, conical baffle of secondary mirror is ameliorated into a shutter one. Outer baffle is designed when angle of stray light suppressing is foregone and the vanes are designed in C-language program. Finally, the same-height vanes in drawtube between primary and secondary mirrors are designed for further suppressing the stray light in two-mirror system.

给出双反射系统杂散光消除设计的具体要求，结合作图法，推导出考虑视场大小及初始中心遮光比确定时，主次镜内遮光罩顶点坐标公式；讨论考虑渐晕时主次镜内遮光罩的设计；为了减小初始中心遮光比，将次镜锥状遮光罩改进为百叶窗式结构；设计在杂散光源抑制角已知时的外遮光罩，并利用C语言实现程序化设计其挡光环的方法；设计主、次镜间镜筒内壁上等高挡光环，进一步抑制双反射系统的杂散光。

In the design of drip irrigation system, reasonable dripper discharge should be chosen and irrigation water should be supplied in order to make soil reach the designed moisture uniformity; the moisture uniformity of soil along the drip irrigation pipe should be controlled mainly.

文中提出了应用于工程设计中的滴头流量设计模式应满足的要求。在滴灌系统设计中，要使土壤达到设计的湿润均匀度就应选择合理的滴头流量，并设计出合理的灌水量，而且应主要控制沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀性。

At present the main products are eight series ,morethan thirty kinds and hundred specifications,including ordinary high----grade adjustable temperature universalelectric furnace,directly----heated adjustable temperature and thermostatic digital display electrothermic jacket; ele----ctrothermic plate; magneticagitator, electric mixer machine, water bath kettle; dryer electric resistance furnace; intelligent blurring control temperature instrument, digital display thermometer; petroleum analytical instrument , teaching aid etc.

另外还能从事实验室、分析室、仪器设备装置的设计研制、新建实验室、整体分析项目方案设计，而且能完成中小型炼油化工装置的设计、制造、安装。本公司在开发产品过程中致力于吸收国内外最新设计制造技术，使用最新的进口原料器件，先进的设计制造软件，使我们的产品科技含量、操作稳定性、自动化控制程序、内外在质量得到跨越性提高。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷