设计

Design is human"s pondering outcome, it is a kind of conceivableness, proposition too.by actualizing,reaching the terminated aim of satisfying human"s demand .design is influenced by cluture and expresses clu-ture.design conveys ideology ,and architecture carries design.cluture is the distillation of a civilizaiton,and architecture is a kind of the material form of cluture .so design cant be disvorced from societal culture background ,the two parts is so consanguineous.the article is try to use this measure,hunting the cluture background of the aulic archi- Tecture of qing dynasty, seek the path of distinguishing display of qing dynasy and ming dynasy.point out the relationship of design and archi-tecture of different time.

设计在文化的影响下体现出文化的特征；设计通过建筑的形式传达思想，建筑成为了设计的载体；文化是一个文明社会的精髓，而建筑正是文化的一种物化的形式。因此，设计是不能脱离社会文化大背景而独立存在，它们两者之间是密不可分的关系。而本课题正是通过研究清朝宫廷的建筑来探求设计背后的文化背景，为寻求明清陈设的差别找到出路，并指出不同时期设计与文化的关系。以便给以后的研究廓清思路，理顺线索。

Based on the theory and methodology mentioned above, an integrated software system, namely Computer Aided Concurrent Design system, is developed with C language, Windows SDK and computer network techniques to support CD process modelling which include some key aspects, such as organization, plan, and configuration issues; to provide assistance which cover service mechanism for information sharing and management mechanism for CD process monitoring and controlling in a distributed environment.

以本文提出的并行设计理论和并行设计实施方法论为指导，面向并行设计过程的分析、规划、管理与控制，研究了并行设计支撑环境的组成、功能、实现方法，并以C语言、Windows开发技术、网络通讯技术建立、开发了并行设计建模与实施支撑环境的原型系统，并结合平行分度凸轮机构的设计、制造进行了具体的应用。

This paper starts with the importance of design management,and elaborates the design process management under general contract on the base of life circle theory.

从设计管理的重要性入手，基于全生命周期理论，阐述了总承包模式下的设计过程管理；对比传统的DBB模式，总承包模式给予设计管理新的内涵和方法，强调设计优选，设计的可施工性及设计沟通。

PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

The development trend of decelerator optimization design is point out.

本文把减速器的传统设计方法与优化设计方法进行对比，概述了减速器优化设计问题的主要类型，讨论了减速器优化设计数学模型的建立方法，提出了减速器优化设计应考虑的约束条件，并指出减速器优化设计的发展趋势。

Design method of farm machine products drop behind the one of manufactured products. To make our countrys design and manufacturing technology of dead stock to achieve the standard of developed country, to develop parallel with other machine manufacture, this article introduce CAD, optimization design, computer simulation technique into the design of the ditcher, to make its design more reasonable, much higher quality to bring social benefit, economic benefit, ecological significance.

我国农业机械产品的设计方法相对工业产品来说比较落后，为了使我国农机设计制造技术达到发达国家水平，与其它机械制造业平行发展，本文将计算机辅助设计、优化设计、计算机模拟技术引用到该机具的设计中，使该机具的设计更合理、更高质，使它尽快地产生社会效益、经济效益、生态效益。

The main contents includes single factorial experiment design, multi-factorial experiment design, parameter design, incomplete block designs, regression design and response surface analysis, optimal design and etc.

主要内容有：单因子试验设计、多因子试验设计、参数设计、不完全区组设计、回归设计和响应曲面分析、最优设计等。

It focuses extensively on multiple and partial regression and correlation, some uses of Chi squares, and some advanced experimental designs and data analysis, including: two- and three- factor factorial, Latin square, nested, split-plot, confounding and fractional replication experiments.

本课程进一步介绍多元回归与偏回归，复相关与偏相关，χ2的应用，和部分高级试验设计与结果分析，包括：两因素和三因素因子式试验设计与分析，拉丁方试验设计与分析，巢式试验设计与分析，裂区试验设计与分析，混杂和部分重复试验设计与分析等内容。

Routine and analytical design methods for gas spherical gasholder are introduced, and their different features are discussed.

介绍了燃气球形储罐的常规设计和分析设计的设计方法，探讨了常规设计和分析设计的不同特点，介绍了我国燃气球形储罐采用分析设计法的实例。

Thirdly, there is a detailed review of the new ideas and styles in post-modernist landscape architecture, including new understanding on the relationship between function and form, the combination of classical and modern, the pursuance of the allusionism and meanings, the recognition of genius loci and contextualism.

而后现代园林多元化的设计风格主要从设计形式和设计内涵两个方面来分析，多元化的设计形式主要包括布局与构图、造型形式、材料和技术、色彩关系等四个层面，而多元化的设计内涵主要包括对传统的借鉴与对现代艺术的借鉴的两个层面，对设计作品进行多角度、多层次的分析和阐述。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。