论

To conquer the difficulty faced by modernphilosophy,the intuition theory of Leibniz combines a priori with aposteriori,universality with particularity,and solves the puzzle of how to obtainessential knowledge properly.This make it possible for Leibniz philosophy to avoidthe emptiness of earlier rationalism and narrowness of empiricism,and reach theunprecedented livelyness and richness.

为了克服近代哲学的这种困境，莱布尼茨的直觉理论以现象学直观的方式突破了近代唯理论和经验论在本质认识上所陷入的困境，将先验与具体、一般和特殊统一起来，这使其哲学得以可能克服经验论的狭隘性和以往唯理论的空洞性，从而达到空前的生动和饱满。

The spectral theory of graph is not only an important area in graph theory but also an active topic. There are extensive applications in the fields of quantum chemistry, physics, computer science, communication network and information science.

近半个世纪以来，谱图论形成发展成为图论研究的重要领域之一，也是一个非常活跃的研究方向，它在量子化、物理、计算机科学、通信网络及信息科学中均有广泛的应用。

This led to an extensive and valuable correspondence with Arnauld; it and the Discourse were not published until the 19th century.

阿尔诺之间争论的一个评论而写作的《论形而上学》，这只是他与阿尔诺进行了一次深入而珍贵的通信；这封信与《论形而上学》直到19世纪才出版。

Represented by Bloor who takes Paradox rules on the conduct of the suspected interpretation,SSK in a suspected interpretation thinks that the community assumpsit and benefits decide the consistency of action and rules.

SSK以布鲁尔为代表对规则悖论进行了怀疑式的解读，认为社会约定和利益决定了规则和行动的一致性；而后SSK以林奇为代表对规则悖论进行了反怀疑论的解读，认为规则内在

Taiwanauthorities in the Jiang surname period put forward some "mainland policies"——"counterattack mainland","recover mainland","The Three People's Principles unify China", for example. These were "one—China policy" in essence. It was at outs with "two—China policy" that America suggested, such as "the United Nations trusteeship","Taiwan status undefined","Jin Ma withdraw troops".

蒋氏父子时期提出的"反攻大陆"、"光复大陆"和"三民主义统一中国"的"大陆政策"，在本质上是"一个中国"政策，这与美国制造的"两个中国"阴谋，如"联合国托管论"、"台湾地位未定论"和"金、马撤军论"等是相矛盾的。

Because Wittgenstein did not go far enough to apply the method of family resemblance thoroughly, finally he had to go back to some conclusions of Atomism.

由于在这一矛盾中维特根斯坦倾向于语言游戏，所以他最后就不得不回到同是原子论的《逻辑哲学论》中的某些结论上去。

On the base of Frege's study, Russell put forward the theory of types to settle Russell's paradox. On the base of non-set, Russell brought forward axiom of infinity and axiom of option as the premises and built a system. He tried to defined the non-negative integer in logic terms and derive the theorems of arithmetic from the laws of logic by deductive method.

罗素在弗雷格研究的基础上，提出逻辑类型论来解决罗素悖论，以非集合论理论为基础，以无穷公理和选择公理为前提，利用逻辑概念定义数学概念，并构造系统，通过逻辑演绎法从逻辑公理推导数学定理。

This thesis inductively points out where the logicians did not satisfied with the theory of type mainly lies in two points, the axiom of reducibility first and the vicious-circle principle second. This thesis has discussed Ramsay's improvements as well as the criticism from Godel. Then, it observes that they two had a common view, viz. rejecting the vicious-circle principle from the points of Realism. Against Russell's insisting on this principle, such a rejecting seems so distinguished, which, this thesis argued, was the deep difference between Realism and Nominalism shedding on the reality of classes.

文中主要探讨了莱姆塞对类型论所做的改进以及哥德尔对类型论的批评，指出这二者的共同点是从实在论的立场来拒斥恶性循环原则，他们对恶性循环原则的拒斥同罗素对它的坚持形成了鲜明的对比，本文认为，这种对比所反映出来的差别实际上就是在类的实在性问题上实在论和唯名论的差别。

He has taught the following courses since he became a teacher in 2001: first-order logic, modal logic, the axiomatic set theory, recursive theory and model theory.

已开课程有《一阶逻辑》《模态逻辑》《公理集合论》《递归论》《模型论》。2005年11月至2006年11月，访学于阿姆斯特丹大学逻辑、语言与计算研究所。

Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。