训练

Key words: stamina training;training ideology;dualistic training theory;monistic training theory

关 键 词：体能训练；训练思路；二元训练理论；一元训练理论

According to high-jump courses features by applying some psychological, the author sets forth some approaches of psychological training on highjump athletes during the following stages: elementary training stage, precontest training stage,contest and postcontest adjustment stage,which are for the reference of coaches and high-jump athletes during their training and contests.

根据跳高项目的特点，运用心理学的原理，对跳高运动员基础训练阶段，赛前训练阶段，赛中期间及赛后调整阶段的心理训练方法进行阐述，以供跳高运动员和教练员在训练和比赛中参考。

But weekly exercise amount is more than the standard value during her three phases. It is unseparable from her individual difference and her nutrient interference and recovery methods after traning. However, how much relationship between them awaits our further research.

5在张萍的整个训练过程中，初级、中级、高级阶段、高级阶段保持期的训练负荷与中国健美标准值的要求基本一致，但周训练次数、运动量在四个阶段明显要高于健美标准值，这与张萍自身的个体差异、训练后的营养干预、恢复手段是分不开的，但作为优秀运动员各指标之间存在多大的关系，有待于进行进一步的研究。

Complicated tactic and technique combined training, move training, training for difficult techniques that are usually hard to grasped in one-on-one training, athlete's physical, mental and volitive capacity exercises, are implemented in the entire multi-ball teaching and training via the use of such 3 training means as "multi-point plus multi-ball","interactive multi-point plus multi-ball" and "single training with multi-ball", intensified training is carried out in an action specific way by means of ball supply, and the said problems are settled one by one.

教学设计理念是按照乒乓球技能形成的规律：泛化、分化、巩固、自动化4个阶段来设计多球训练方案，对乒乓球技能形成的各个阶段的学习、动作技能形成；对较复杂的技战术组合练习、步法及平时在对练中很难上手的难度技术；对运动员身体、心理、意志品质的锻炼等通过&多点多球&、&交互式多点多球&、&多球单练&3种训练手段，贯穿于整个多球教学与训练中，以供球的形式有针对性地进行强化训练并一一加以解决。

Complicated tactic and technique com-bined training, move training, training for difficult techniques that are usually hard to grasped in one-on-one train-ing, athlete's physical, mental and volitive capacity exercises, are implemented in the entire multi-ball teaching and training via the use of such 3 training means as "multi-point plus multi-ball","interactive multi-point plus multi-ball" and "single training with multi-ball", intensified training is carried out in an action specific way by means of ball supply, and the said problems are settled one by one.

摘 要：教学设计理念是按照乒乓球技能形成的规律：泛化、分化、巩固、自动化4个阶段来设计多球训练方案，对乒乓球技能形成的各个阶段的学习、动作技能形成；对较复杂的技战术组合练习、步法及平时在对练中很难上手的难度技术；对运动员身体、心理、意志品质的锻炼等通过&多点多球&、&交互式多点多球&、&多球单练&3种训练手段，贯穿于整个多球教学与训练中，以供球的形式有针对性地进行强化训练并一一加以解决。

Addressing Bhaddali, the Exalted One says thus: As a skilled horse-trainer, having received askilled thoroughbred horse, first of all accustoms it to the training in respect of wearing the bit, whatever the contortions, capers and struggles while it is getting used to training it was not used to before, yet because of the continual training gradual training, it is brought to perfection in that respect.

安置了Bhaddali，释尊这样说：如一个有经验的训练者，已经获得了有经验的纯种马，已经习惯于定上马衔铁而训练，无论是转弯，跳跃，争斗，它已经习惯于以前没有的训练，由于连续的训练逐渐的训练。

The results suggested that subjects who have undergone swallowing training experienced significant increases in water speed, water volume per swallow and body weight, and decreases in frequency of feeding chocking, chocking during water swallowing, residue water volume, score in swallowing examination. Subjects self-reported significant improvement in swallowing difficulty after their training.

研究结果发现，实施吞咽训练护理方案后较训练前在「增加吞咽速度」、「增加每口平均吞咽水量」、「减少吞水呛咳」、「减少残留水量」、「减少进食呛咳频率」、「减少吞咽检查积分」及「增加体重」等项目进步情形皆有显著之差异，但於「吞咽问卷」、「老人忧郁量表」及「自尊量表」之得分在训练前、后无显著差异；此外，研究对象主观认为吞咽训练护理方案对吞咽困难的改善有帮助。

Fter different detraining cycles on the physiological performance, the detraining cycles will be reflected different degrees of impact. We found that the strength and endurance of athletes in detraining has reduced the capillary density, oxidative fibers, slow-twitch muscle. On the other hand, AVO2-diff, oxygen enzyme decline in the number of mitochondria, the change of muscle fiber types and reduced neuromuscular control in long-term detraining. In cardio-respiratory fitness, particularly in endurance athletes among blood flow, plasma volume, and cardiac output's decline are the most conspicuous. After hormone and metabolic's short term and long-term detraining, we found that growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, respiratory exchange rate, showed a decline in insulin sensitivity, it will directly affect the exercises performance. Further more, the exercises performance and physiological benefits could have been completely eliminated.

bstract 不同周期停止训练后，对生理表现将反映出不同程度之影响，其中发现肌力性与耐力性运动员在短期停止训练后，毛细血管密度、氧化纤维、慢缩肌呈现减少情形；反观长期停止训练后，将会使动静脉血含氧差异(arterial-venous oxygen difference， AVO2-diff)、氧化酶粒腺体数目下降与肌纤维型态之改变，而减少神经肌肉控制能力、在心肺适能方面，尤以耐力性运动员在血流量、血浆量、每跳输出量、最大心输出量下降情形最明显；而贺尔蒙与代谢在短期与长期停止训练后，发现生长贺尔蒙(growth hormone， GH)、睪固酮、可体松、呼吸交换率、胰岛素敏感性均呈现下降情形，这些情形将直接影响其运动表现之发挥，甚至使先前获得之运动表现与生理效益完全消失。

Most of elite swimmers are trained by team,but suitable grouping is very important for effective individuated training.

高水平游泳运动员的训练组织形式以集体训练为主，适宜的训练分组是实施个性化训练的必要保障。

During the course of network training, examination data are constantly involved to examine it so as to prevent overtraining.

将所有数据分为训练数据、检验数据，在网络训练过程中，不断用检验数据来检查网络的训练情况，以防止网络过度训练。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷