认识论

Traditionally, philosophy has been partitioned into three areas: epistemology, metaphysics, and value theory.

哲学在传统上分为三个领域：认识论、形而上学和价值理论。

Through the philosophy of Marxism and from the viewpoints of contradiction theory,cognitive theory,perceptional law,and the interrelations between theory and practice,the paper expounds the philosophical concept of the sectional teaching mode and sectional teaching method.

本文运用马克思主义哲学理论，从矛盾论、认识论、认知规律、理论与实践的关系等角度出发，阐释了区段教学模式和区段教学法的哲学理念。

This essay has three difficulties: First, difficulty of conception foundation: how to grasp conception foundation, historical background and theory origin of positive economic paradigm and normative economic paradigm from a historical and philosophical perspective? Second, difficulty of formalization system: the viewpoints of positive economists and normative economists are very jumble, this paper tries to clear up the formers' theories, sums up and synthesizes various standpoints, and make it form systematism and standardization. Third, difficulty of combination in visual angle: combining economics and philosophy, resurvey some philosophy problems in economic research from the perspective of ontology, epistemology and methodology, thereby discover new problems, and make rigor argumentation toward it.

本文的难点：1、概念基础难点：如何从一种历史的、哲学的角度准确把握实证经济范式与规范经济范式的概念基础和变更的历史背景、理论渊源。2、形式化体系难点：实证经济学家与规范经济学家的观点非常混杂，本文试图理清前人的思路，总结和综合纷繁不一的观点，并使其体系化、规范化。3、视角结合点难点：将经济学与哲学有机地结合起来，从本体论、认识论、方法论的角度重新看待经济学研究中的一些哲学问题，从而发现新问题，并对其进行严密论证。

The core of the debate between Latour and Bloor on the Strong Program was the confrontation of Bloor\'s symmetry principle of Strong Program and Latour\'s second symmetry principle. The essential disagreement between their theories was whether to insist the subject-object schema, or to discard it. Each of them adopted his own criterion of metaphysics and the different criteria resulted in two different kinds of relativisms. Both sides fell into the same philosophical dilemma. The debate between the post-SSK represented by Latour and the SSK represented by Collins and Yearley intensively revealed their disagreement in interior social construction, manifested by the opposition between social realism and ontology of nature-society mixture, between the normative method and descriptive method, between signified view of science and practical view of science, respectively.It is necessary to trace and clarify the core concepts of Latour\'s "Actor-Network Theory" such as "actor","network","agent", etc.

关于拉图尔和布鲁尔之间关于强纲领的论战，其核心是布鲁尔强纲领的对称性原则与拉图尔的普遍对称性原则之间的争论，二人理论的本质不同在于坚持还是消解主体-客体模式，由于所持不同的形而上学标准导致了两种不同的相对主义，而争论双方陷入了相同的哲学困境；关于以拉图尔为代表的后科学知识社会学与柯林斯和耶尔莱为代表的科学知识社会学之争，集中体现了社会建构内部间在本体论、认识论、科学观上的分歧，分别表现为：社会实在论与自然—社会混合本体论的对立、规范主义进路与描述主义进路的对立、表征科学观与实践科学观之间的对立。

Russell's Paradox; the uncountability of real number set; Cantor's Theorem of ; infinite theory system; part; all; epistemology; logic

罗素悖论；实数集合不可数性；康托定理；无穷理论体系；部分；全体；认识论；逻辑

Gombrich's theoretical contributions, which range over a variety of fields including psychology of art, art vision recognition, the logic of art history, the theory of the changing of style and the theory of value of art, are based on the grounds of the scientific philosophy and methodology of Popper, which consist of Falsificationism, the method of trial and error, epistemology, the criticism of historism, the three worlds theory and realism.

贡布里希的理论成就在于艺术理论诸领域，其中包括艺术心理学、艺术视觉认知、艺术史逻辑、风格变迁理论以及艺术价值理论，这些理论成就所对应的科学哲学和方法论基础，是波普尔的系列理论成果——证伪主义、试错法、认识论、历史主义批评、三个世界理论以及实在论。

pansystems resources are difined in generalized sense and their displacement from one to the other leads to pancommunication. They are of basic pansystems logoi connected with world outlook, epistemology, methodology, value theory and operations research, and so are universal to various logoi, specially to some new recognitions to traffic, communication, finance, logistics, reasoning, intelligence, computer, network, mathematics and physical sciences, including politics, economics, military, education, sociology, medicine, philosophy of science, technology and engineering.

广义的资源广义的由此及彼界定的泛系资源泛通，形成泛系论的一大理法，它是一种世界观、认识论、方法论、价值论和运筹学，毗连于数理工医文社史哲百科千题万技理法，特别是对广义的交通、通信、金融、物流、推理、智能、计算机、网络、数理科学和科技思想的发展可以得到一种全新的阐述，甚至对政治、大国兴衰、经济、军事、教育、社会学、医药学、科学技术工程哲学等等都可以导致新的感悟。

In the circumstances that the procedure justice theory increasingly becomes the mainstream theory in procedural law,there is a theoretical trend that belittles the position of "epistemology" in the theory base of evidence jurisprude...

在程序正义理论日益成为诉讼法学主流理论的背景下，理论上有贬低&认识论&在证据法学理论基础中的地位的趋向，这是不符合证据法律制度的历史发展事实以及证据法学的学科特点的。

Neo-Kantianism philosophers conform to the modern turn of Western philosophy, resist and exclude metaphysics, transcend method of thinking of Dualism, make use of the newest fruit of natural science and humanities, establish fairly systemetic philosophical theory. It not only has made traditional ontology, epistemology and methodology receive more systematic and thorough research, but also establish new philosophical subject: axiology philosophy.

新康德主义者顺应着西方哲学的现代转向，拒斥形而上学，超越二元对立的思维方法，利用新兴的自然科学和人文科学的最新成果，构建了比较系统的哲学理论，不仅使得传统的本体论、认识论、方法论得到了更加系统和深入的研究，而且构建了新的哲学学科：价值哲学。

The theory of implicit knowledge is a type of theory of knowledge and epistemology origins from the west in 1970s.

默会知识理论是上世纪七十年代兴起于西方理论界的一种知识论、认识论。

Article 144 The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall maintain the policy previously practised in Hong Kong in respect of subventions for non-governmental organizations in fields such as education, medicine and health, culture, art, recreation, sports, social welfare and social

第一百四十四条香港特别行政区政府保持原在香港实行的对教育、医疗卫生、文化、艺术、康乐、体育、社会福利、社会工作等方面的民间团体机构的资助政策。原在香港各资助机构任职的人员均可根据原有制度继续受聘。

Small wonder, then, that the Chinese spend more in the shop than any other group of foreign visitors do .

这样的小惊喜，使中国顾客比任何国家的人消费得更多。