认知的

It is argued that the Western medicine first impacted Chinese understanding and feeling of their body which are closely linked with their special arrangement and understanding, and then it destroyed the definition of ethics in a traditional Chinese society of acquaintance and brought about a so-called relationship of "clientage" which finally changed China's social structure, whenever it was systematized, cooperating with many other modern institutions.

力求避免仅仅从上层或下层的单一取向观察中国近代变化所带来的局限性。本文认为，西医的进入首先影响到了中国人对身体的认知和感受，这种感受又与中国人对空间安排的认知密不可分，西医的进入破坏了传统中国的熟人社会对人伦关系的界定，而带入了一种称之为"委托制"的关系，这种关系一旦制度化，就与许多现代体制的运作相配合，最终改变了中国的社会结构。

The two selection restrictions are determined by the cognitive function of middle construction. Though middles do not report actual event, they depict the properties of virtual events, therefore, naturally verbs in middles should be event verbs. And middles are cognitively motivated to deemphasize the role of agent in the occurrence of the event and focus the active role a passive participant could play in the occurrence of the event, then a volitional adjective or adverb that is under the control of agent would bring the deemphasized participant back into focus again, which is obviously contradictory to the cognitive motivation of middles.

这两种选择限制是由中动结构的认知功能决定的，中动结构虽然并不报道具体事件，但它描述虚拟事件的特性，因此动词必须是事件动词；同时中动结构之意图是弱化施事的作用而强化被动参与者在事件中的积极作用，因而一个语义上由施事自主控制的形容词或副词必然又会突显施事的作用，这与中动结构的认知动因是相矛盾的。

The thesis takes three chapters. It gives prominence to the dynamic construction process of value-cognition structure, stresses that Marx is not a passive thought container. His early thought is not a passive excrescence to be imperatively get rid of, but it's a positive pre-structure to understand the world. This pre-structure as a internal, basic and continually developed value-recognition structure that enable knowledge and ethics to be possible, stipulates an agreement on the path and direction of his last thought development. So Marx said:"The problem is not to rule off an impassable gap between the past and the future, but is to realize the past thought."

本文采取三篇结构，突出马克思价值-认知结构的动态建构过程，强调马克思早期思想不是需要摆脱的消极赘生物，而是理解世界的一种积极的"前结构"，这种"前结构"作为一种内在的、基础性的和连续发展的、使知识和道德成为可能的价值-认知结构，规约着马克思以后思想发展的路径和方向，以致连马克思本人也认为"问题并不在于从思想上给过去和未来划下一条不可逾越的鸿沟，而在于实现过去的思想。"

Secondly, relations between the structuralism and physics teaching illustrate that the physics history can play the role of "advanced organizer" in improving the transfer ability. Moreover, the theory of recapitulation of physics announces the inherent similarity between the process of physics research and the process of physics conception learning. According to constructivist learning theories, the dissertation explains the process of students' learning the scientific concepts.

首先论文通过分析比较皮亚杰认知发展论和库恩科学发展论得出教育实践应与科学发展规律保持一致，应重视物理学史在物理教学中的应用，对于不同认知水平的学生和不同类型的知识应采用不同的教学方法：其次从结构主义与物理教学的关系说明物理学史在提高迁移能力上可以扮演"先行组织者"的角色；再次，通过物理文化重演理论揭示人类研究物理学的过程与学生学习物理概念的过程的内在相似性，并根据建构主义学习理论解释学生学习科学概念的过程。

In experiment 2, the influence of summary and whole text of narration on extraneous cognitive load and learning achievement was compared both in difficult and easy instruction material. In experiment 3, the influence of more or less content on screen on extraneous cognitive load and learning achievement was compared in near or far context logic material.

实验2考察在难度不同的材料中，对与听觉叙述的内容相同的文本采用概括呈现和全文呈现对外在认知负荷和学习结果的不同影响；实验3考察在逻辑性强弱不同的材料中，屏幕上保留内容的多少对外在认知负荷和学习结果的不同影响。

The study contains the following purposes:(1) exploring the test-structure of Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrics,(2) examining the process of solving APM,(3) investigating possible factors that affect the construct validity of APM,(4) developing New Figure Reasoning Test, using cognitive measurement approach test design model and computer technology,(5) contrasting APM and NFRT from the viewpoints of test designing and empirical analysis, and (6) developing an automatic item-generation and online testing system for NFRT.

本研究的研究目的为：(1)探讨APM的测验结构；(2)依据认知测量取向，探讨APM的解题历程；(3)探讨影响APM之构念效度的可能因素；(4)根据「认知测量测验编制模式」和电脑技术发展「新编图形推理能力测验」，并验证该测验的构念效度；(5)从测验编制和实证分析比较APM与「新编图形推理能力测验」；(6)发展「新编图形推理能力测验」的「自动命题及施测系统」。

Analysis of the corpus make us believe that the "order" is subject to three impact factors: frequency distribution of syntactic location in native Chinese, universal information structure and cognition process, syntactic location's saliency of cognition and the corresponding difficulty of processing.

通过对语料的分析，我们认为，这一&顺序&受汉语中句法位的频率分布、普遍的信息结构及认知程序、句法位不同的认知显著度和相应的处理难度这三种因素的综合影响。

As far as moral education is concerned, Noddings doubts the cognitive pattern of moral education dominated by scientism, cognitivism, and male-centered cultural tradition. Her caring moral education theory stresses the respect for each student's life, the emphasis on students' feeling and experiencing, the highlighting of teachers' function as caring models, and the insistence in practicing; meanwhile, her theory has raised four approaches to moral education, namely, modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation.

就道德教育而言，她质疑受科学主义、唯认知主义和男性中心文化传统支配的道德认知教育模式，她的关怀道德教育理论强调对学生生命的尊重、对学生体验和感受的重视、教师的榜样作用和道德教育的实践性特征，同时以现象学的方法细致探讨了道德教育的四种方法：以身作则、对话、实践和认可。

As far as moral education is concerned, Noddings doubts the cognitive pattern of education of morality dominated by scientism, cognitivism, and male-centered cultural tradition. Her caring moral education theory stresses the respect for each student"s life, the emphasis on students" feeling and experiencing, the highlighting of teachers function as caring models, and the insistence in practicing; meanwhile, her theory has raised four approaches to moral education, namely, modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation.

就道德教育而言，她质疑受科学主义、唯认知主义和男性中心文化传统支配的道德认知教育模式，她的关怀道德教育理论强调对学生生命的尊重、对学生体验和感受的重视、教师的榜样作用和道德教育的实践性特征，同时以现象学的方法细致探讨了道德教育的四种方法：以身作则、对话、实践和认可。

Results The number of syphilis screening in clinics showed an increasing of 21.6% and 84.2% in 2007 and 2006. The correct diagnose ratios for congenital syphilis, primary syphilis, secondary syphilis and latent syphilis were 0%, 56%, 63%, and 48%, respectively. 29.8% of the latent syphilis patients were older than 50 years. 65% of 54 doctors with qualified response acquired correct diagnostic criterion of syphilis and only 17% of 30 doctors knew the criterion for conginial syphilis.

结果 2007年和2的6年调查地区临床梅毒筛查人数分别较上升21.6%和84.2%，各期梅毒的诊断符合率分别为：58例胎传梅毒为0，498例工期梅毒为56%；574例Ⅱ期梅毒为63%，496例隐性梅毒为48%；在54份有效调查问，临床医生对梅毒诊断标准的认知正确率为65%；在30份对检验人员的有效调查问卷中，检验人员对胎传梅毒检测方法的认知正确率为17%。29.8%的隐性梅毒患者为50岁～的人群。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。