认知的

The review begins with the concept of bilingualism and introduces several classifications of bilingualism.Then the paper reviews researches on the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive development and the relation between bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness,evaluates the relevant interpretation theory and the inner mechanism of bilingualism advantage.Finally,the review evaluates previous research and raised some questions which need to be resolved in the future.

该文从双语的概念入手，介绍了双语的几种重要的分类、双语和认知发展及元语言意识发展的关系、相关的理论解释以及双语儿童认知优势的内在机制，最后对已有研究进行了评述并提出了需要进一步研究的问题。

Polysemy is discussed from the perspective of prototype, cognitive metaphor and metonymy, discovering that a polysemic word constitutes a semantic category with its primary meaning as the prototype while other members in that category are derived from it, exhibiting a family resemblance and degrees of typicality as well, and that the extension of word meaning is mainly achieved through metonymical thinking based upon contiguity and metaphorical thinking based upon similarity.

利用原型范畴理论、认知隐喻和转喻角度分析一词多义现象，认为一个词的多个义项是从原型义项演变而来的，并且表现出不同程度的家族相似性，同时又表现出不同程度的原型义项身份；词义延伸又主要通过转喻和隐喻的认知思维结构，即转喻的邻近性和隐喻的相似性思维特征来实现。

There are three connected claims about the interrelation of psychology and neuroscience that occur in discussions within the circle of psychology: cognitive neuroscience can never give a complete account of the psychology of a person because it is reductionistic; neuroscience can only show correlations between neural events and cognitive or behavioral events; such factors as culture, historical situation, are the most relevant in understanding human knowledge and behavior. The paper gives critical demenstrations for these claims.

在心理学讨论中出现的三个关于心理学与神经科学内部关系的观点是：认知神经科学是还原主义的，所以它不能完全解释一个人的心理；神经科学最多只能说明神经事件与认知或行为事件之间的相关；文化、历史条件等等是理解人类知识和行为的真正相关因素，神经科学对这些几乎没有解释，所以它并不能真正解释心理学。

High-level ; Trackman ; Cognitive style ; Research

通过采用测量法、数理统计等方法，对参加2006年全国田径锦标赛的我国各省、直辖市、自治区的高水平田径运动员共93人进行调查研究，研友我国高水平田径运动员认知风格的现状、影响因素及运动员的认知风格与所从事的项目、竞技水平的关系，从而为运动员的选材和训练提供依据。

Methods The degree of knowing about the prevention and control of AIDS, the rate of high risk behavior, the number of condom use, and the change of the incidence rate of veneral disease were investigated and analysed before and after the programme. The effect on prevention anti control was apprasied. Results 16 months after the programme, pepole were more active to take part in the movement to prevent AIDS, showed more understanding and supporting to those who were engaged in preventing and curing AIDS, and more willing to accept patients with AIDS. The degree of knowledge about AIDS had risen up obviously, while the rate of the high risk behavior had fallen down.

调查分析临湘市爱滋病综合防治示范区实施爱滋病综合防治措施前后，社会人群对爱滋病防治工作的认知程度、爱滋病知识知晓率、高危行为率、安全套消耗量、性病发病率的变化，评价其防治效果结果实施综合防治措施16个月后，社会人群对爱滋病防治工作的积极参与、对爱防工作人员的理解支持、对爱滋病病人的接纳等认知程度显著提高，爱滋病知识知晓率明显上升，高危人群的高危行为率明显下降，市场安全套消耗量明显增加，性病发病率显著下降。

Objective:To explore the relationship of negative schizophrenic cognitive function improvement with HVA and 5-HIAA, Method:Thirteen negative schizophrenic patients were treated with clozapine for 8 weeks,Memory,attention,executive function were assessed separately with Waise memory scale,cancellation test and Wisconsin card sorting test before and after treatment,and cerebrospinal fluid HVA and 5-HIAA levels were determined with HPLC-ECD, Results:Part of short memory was improving with decreasing of HVA or increasing of 5-HIAA,while significant correlation were not found between improvement of memory quotient,attention,executive function and change of HVA,5-HIAA, Conclusion:The great part of negative schizophrenic cognitive function improvement has marked correlation with change of DA and 5-HT

目的：探讨阴性精神分裂症认知功能的改善与HVA和5-HIAA变化的关系。方法：对13例阴性精神分裂症在氯氮平治疗前和治疗8周后分别采用韦氏成人记忆量表，数字划消测验和威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test，WCST)评估其记忆、注意及执行功能，采用高效液相色谱-电化学检测测定其治疗前和治疗后脑脊液中DA代谢产物高香草酸和5-HT代谢产物五羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)的浓度。结果：部分短时记忆随HVA降低或5-HIAA的增高而改善。而总的记忆商数，注意及执行功能的改善与HVA和5-HIAA的变化无明显相关。结论：大部分阴性精神分裂症认知功能的改善与DA和5-HT浓度变化无明显相关。

This concept implements scientifically from the ex-training theory inbreathed to the psychological guidance psychological consultation psychological control and psychological training during the training to the feedback measured and transferred.

认知调节训练理论&的实施结构科学合理，从训练前的理论灌输到训练过程中的心理指导、心理咨询、心理控制、心理训练，到训练结束后的心理反馈调节与迁移，&认知调节训练理论与整个运动队训练过程紧密相关，对训练过程中焦虑的控制克服呈现系统化的特点。

The analysis and reduction of the particularized conversational implication must draw support from the context, but that of the pragmatic presupposition needn't.

从发话人表达的视角看，语用预设与特殊会话隐涵都属于话语的意外之意，都是根据一定的语用规则从话语中分析、推导出来的，二者之间具有手段与目的的关系；从受话人理解的视角看，二者的关系本质上是认知语境与认知目标的关系。

In the process of cognitive activity, attention is closely related to other cognitive functions, and it is the controller of psychological activity, the study on the attention features and disorders would help the addiction abstainers and there family members to better eliminate the clues and stimulants related to drugs that can bring addicts adverse effects.

在认知活动的过程中，注意与个体的各项认知功能有着密切的联系，是心理活动的控制器，对海洛因成瘾戒断者注意特点与障碍的研究将有助于成瘾戒断者及其家人和相关的戒毒机构更好地排除和杜绝与毒品相关的线索和刺激可能会对成瘾戒断者导致的不良影响。

The writer carries on the related theories of the problem situation to study the big case foundation well up, with the situation cognizes and studies a class of theories for leading, and have three stages to launch to practical research; The first, the research into big case strategy of problem situation and the process of tiding up some materials in the chemistry teaching.

笔者在对问题情境的相关理论进行研究的基础上，以情境认知与学习理论为指导，分三个阶段展开实践研究：第一，化学教学中问题情境创设的策略研究和案例素材的整理加工，包括结合生活、生产和当前科学技术发展中的实际问题创设问题情境，从化学实验入手创设问题情境，利用化学史料创设问题情境，利用学生已有知识创设问题情境或引起学生的认知冲突等。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。