认知

Through analysis and discussion in the following chapters, four strategies are summarized for teachers' further reference.(1) The individualized physical education program－Through the plan with similar to IEP, teachers arrange physical activities properly for children with mental retardation.(2) Cognitive behavior modification－Through demonstration and guidance, students are able to change behaviors by modeling and correcting their cognitive patterns.(3) Task analysis approach－Teachers have to divide a particular movement skill into several individual sub-skills and then students would be able to master that specific skill by linking every well-practiced sub-skill.(4) Data processing mode－Students are motivated to learn with fun because the target skill has been analyzed into meaningful and organized procedures.

经过分析与探讨，本文提供四大体育教学策略供从事体育教学之教师参考：一、个别化体育计划——透过类似个别化教育计划（Individual Education Program， IEP）的计划，让教师先对智能障碍学童的需求与体育活动作适当的安排；二、认知行为改变技术——教师以示范、引导的方式，使智能障碍学童经由模仿，修正认知，让行为得以改变；三、工作分析法——教师先将动作技能分解成数个分项，智能障碍学童经充份练习每一分项，最后再将每个细部动作串联；四、讯息处理模式——透过教师引发学习动机，并将动作以有意义化与组织化的学习方式，让智能障碍学童从乐趣中学得动作技能。

In overlay cognitive radio, secondary users harness unused spectrum bands for their transmission; in underlay cognitive radio, an ultra-wideband transmission with very low power spectrum density is employed by the secondary user to minimize harmful interference to the primary users.

认知无线电和动态频谱接入网络因此应运而生，成为近期无线通信和网络研究的热点。通常的认知无线电技术主要采用两种频谱接入方式：Overlay和Underlay。

This paper attempts to integrate environmental psychology, architecture and special education. From the angle of "environmental space cognition" it explores the process by which visually-impaired students get to know their community environment, as well as the difference between space perception elements of visually-impaired students and visual space perception of normal people.

本研究文是尝试整合环境心理学、建筑学及特殊教育学三者之关系，并以「环境空间认知」的角入，探讨视障学生对社区环境的认知过程，及视障学生的空间感知元素与一般人的视觉的空间感知之差异。

Different grade of primary school students have different knowledge toward energy. Sixth-grade students are better than fifth-grade students.

四、不同年级之国小学生对能源认知上有显著差异，亦即六年级学生之能源认知较五年级学生为佳。

Mathematics learning strategy under new curriculum criterion is the learners'method and rule of setting up new mathematics recognition structure and accomplishingmathematics learning target with the help of old knowledge experience and recognitionstructure under the particular mathematics learning situation.

新课程标准下的数学学习策略是指学习者在特定的数学学习情境中，在已有的知识经验、认知结构辅助下，建构新的数学认知结构、达成数学学习目标的方法或规则。

The influence of self-explanation as questions or questions with answers on cognitive load and achievement have no significant difference.(9) Though the management of cognitive load by multimedia instructional design, material character and learners\' individual differences have significant moderate effect.

9在通过多媒体教学设计控制认知负荷的过程中，学习材料和学习者个体差异在其中起着重要的调节作用，因此，多媒体学习中认知负荷是由教学设计、材料和学习者三者共同作用的结果。

Contrariwise, when material is less abstract and learners have more prior knowledge, teaching explanation doesn\'t increase germane cognitive load, but induce better transfer achievement.(8) In difficult material learning, self-explanation reduced intrinsic cognitive load and better transfer achievement.

8在难度较大的材料学习中，提示自我解释降低了内在认知负荷，提高了迁移测试成绩；在难度较小的材料学习中，提示自我解释增加了被试的相关认知负荷，提高了迁移测试成绩。

It can become a reality to the liver and also represent the thought of self-centralization from the relationship between self and world from the ideas of body upon the Taiwanese vernacular dwellings.

从身体到时间、空间、天地、万物等皆可从「身体」的特有认知方法出发，并且完成一个可分述，却也能形成整体性的总体认知；「身体」与「宇宙」之间创建出的秩序与符号表达，实时常规文化内涵融合的体现。

Then we study investors\' behavour in China by using the questionnaire method from three dimensions—investor\'s knowledge,psychology and behavior and from seven affecting factors—motive,securities investment Knowledge,awareness of risk,investment philosophy,trading,investment decision-making rule and investment performance.Aiming at these investment characteristics we examines the conservative bias and the reasons for the deviation from mental deviation from the emotional,social psychology and cognitive psychology deviation and from over-confidence,loss aversion,conservatism aversion, excessive fear of selective bias,selecting aversion,gambling psychology,self-attribution,the dependence on the policy bias and rapid money-making psychology.And we analyze investors\' several restrictive conditions during investment decision-making including information and knowledge constraints,psychological constraints,funds constraints and external conditions.

本文从全球股灾的教训及近年来我国证券投资者生存现状出发，从理论和实践两个角度论述了加强投资者教育以提高我国投资者在投资过程中的自我保护能力的重要性；采用调查问卷的方法，从投资者的知识、心理、行为三个构面，从入市动机、证券投资知识、风险意识、投资理念、交易行为、投资决策依据及投资业绩等七个影响因素来考察了我国投资者的投资行为；针对这些投资者的行为特征，从情感心理偏差、社会心理偏差和认知心理偏差三个构面，从过度自信、损失厌恶、保守性偏差、过度恐惧、选择性偏差、赌博心理与自我归因、对政策的依赖性偏差以及暴富心理等影响因素出发对我国投资者的认知偏差，以及产生这些偏差的原因进行了分析，探讨了投资者在投资决策时的几个约束条件，即信息约束、知识约束、心理约束、资金约束以及外部条件约束。

The value to research cognitive function in temporal lobe epilepsy is for which can provide useful information to diagnose early cognition damage.

研究颞叶癫痫患者的认知功能的意义在于它可能为早期认知功能损害的诊断提供有价值的依据。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。