认知

Chapter two, the theoretical basic of the metacongnition in Physics, stating that the theory of Autobus instructive study and the theory of architectural study, Piaget basic constructional learning theory and Vygotsky Social Construction are the psychological base of the metacongnition in Physics teaching, while Lifelong Education Theory and the Theoretical Research of the Subjectivity Education are the pedagogy basic of the metacongnition in Physics teaching.

第二章是元认知物理教学的理论基础。阐明了元认知的基本理论，奥苏伯尔的有意义学习理论、以及皮亚杰的建构主义学习理论和维果斯基社会建构理论是元认知物理教学的心理学基础，终身教育理论、主体教育理论是元认知物理教学的教育学基础。

The meaning of linguistic symbols is the result of categorization and conceptualization of the subjective world by human beings.

现代认知心理学和认知语言学的研究成果表明：语言是人类认知活动的产物，也是认知活动的工具。

The results of study show that operator and consumer have different value cognitive structure, in other words, operators and consumers have different link relations in "attribute - result ","result – value", and "attribute – value". At the same time the results of compare means in "attribute ","result " and "value " also show the difference between operator and consumer for "service content attribute " and "price attribute". There are cognitive differences between operator and consumer for "interpersonal relationship and novelty" and "life entertainment", and for "belonging "and "stimulus" of value.

研究结果显示业者及消费者具有不同的价值认知结构，换句话说，业者及消费者在「属性-结果」、「结果-价值」、和「属性-价值」三种链结关系中表现出不同的链结关系；同时个别在「属性」、「结果」和「价值」的差异检定中亦显示，业者及消费者对於「服务内容属性」、「价格属性」等产品属性有认知上的差异；在消费结果中「人际关系及新奇」和「生活娱乐」有认知差异；最后在「归属感」、「刺激」等价值感受有认知上的差异。

The pragmatic presupposition set by the expresser is within the scope of cognitive context of the expresser, but not necessarily in that of the audience, also the pragmatic presupposition understood by the audience is within the scope of the cognitive context of the audience, but not necessarily in that of the expresser.

发话人所设置的语用预设都在他自己的认知语境范围内，但不一定在受话人的认知语境范围内；受话人所理解的语用预设都在他自己的认知语境范围内，但不一定在发话人的认知语境范围内。

The present study first gives a survey of its development and major achievement, and concerns its philosophical origin in semiotics, which has to some degree caused the cognitive turn in pragmatic study. After the discussion about the interrelatedness between pragmatics and cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, cognitive-pragmatic understanding is to be accounted for.

本文首先概述了认知语用学研究的基本现况；接着讨论了它的哲学渊源以及语用学研究中的认知转向；还讨论了语用学与认知语言学、心理语言学、认知心理学之间的联系；最后探讨了信息处理中的语用推理等问题。

Cognition ; cognitive neuropsychology ; cognitive neuroscience ; cognitive neuropsychiatry.

认知；认知神经心理学；认知神经科学；认知神经精神病学

They are: conceptual meaning (logical, cognitive, or denotative content), connotative meaning (what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to), social meaning (what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use), affective meaning (what is communicated of the feeling and attitudes of the speaker/writer), reflected meaning (what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression), collocative meaning (what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word), thematic meaning(what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis).

在商务英语创意中常用的联想方式有接近联想、相似联想、对比联想和关系联想四种。合理地运用联想这一心理现象进行商务英语创意可以引起受众的关怀，影响受众的情绪与行为，使商务英语的效果更直接、更显著。从关联与认知语境的视角出发探讨联想在商务英语创意中的运用是有必要的。关联理论认为，话语的关联程度依赖于语境效果和处理努力，语境效果与关联成正比，处理能力与关联成反比。作者把处理努力理解为认知语言环境所消耗的脑力，关联性越强，话语就越直接，认知所耗的脑力越小，给受话者带来的认知负荷就越小；关联性越弱，话语就越隐含，消耗的脑力越大，受话人的认知负荷越大。

Cognitive enhancement therapy is described as an integrated approach to the enhancement of neurocognitive and social cognitive abilities, which attempts to capitalize on a presumed neuroplasticity reserve believed to respond to enriched cognitive experiences. It is used as a recovery-phase intervention for symptomatically stable schizophrenic outpatients who are socially and cognitively disabled despite reduced risk of relapse.

认知丰富疗法被形容为一种整合丰富神经认知与社会认知能力的方法，这个方法的目的在利用一种被认为会对丰富认知经验产生反应的假设性神经可塑性；这被用於尽管有复发的可能性，但是在社会上与认知上是失能的有症状稳定精神分裂病患，作为恢复期的介入性治疗。

The article summaries the progress in study of cognitive impairment after thalamic stroke from four aspect which covered neuropsychological mechanism of thalami participating in cognition, the sorting of thalamic stroke, estimating method of cognitive function after thalamic stroke and the status of clinical study of thalamic stroke.

脑卒中后认知功能损害已成为临床神经心理学的研究热点，本文从丘脑参与认知神经心理的机制、丘脑卒中神经心理学分类、丘脑卒中认知功能评价方法、卒中的临床研究概况等四方面对丘脑卒中后认知功能损害的研究进展进行了总结，以期有利于丘脑卒中治疗方案和康复计划的制定，减少丘脑卒中带来的认知功能损害。

These deficiencies result from the facts(1)that the subjectivity of policyimplementers can vary policy information in constructive and distorting cognition;(2)that policyimplementing subjects are not well-learned;and(3)that the referents of linguistic symbols withpolicy information are not definite.

产生这些认知缺陷的原因主要在于：1、政策认知的主体性特征会通过建构性认知和扭曲性认知致使政策信息在认知过程中发生变异；2、政策执行主体的知识素质偏低；3、承载政策信息的语言符号指代关系具有不确定性。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。