认定

the vouchers that have market price and are consumed by the bribee should be included in the amount of commercial bribery. the definition of free travel as commercial bribery doesn't mean all related cost is included in the amount of commercial bribery. sexual bribery that implies power and money should be defined as commercial bribery.

具有市场价格且受贿人实际取得价值的礼券应当计入商业贿赂犯罪数额；将免费旅游界定为商业贿赂，并非意味着与免费旅游相关的费用一概认定为商业贿赂数额；应将以金钱为背景、体现贿赂犯罪权钱关系的性贿赂认定为商业贿赂。

Yuan Xin card" carbon ferromanganese have been identified as the famous brand products in Shanxi Province,"Yuan Xin card for the titanium-iron powder was found in Shanxi Province, the security companies have been approved by State Economic and Trade Commission as a national pilot.

远鑫牌"中碳锰铁被认定为山西省名牌产品，"远鑫牌钛铁粉被认定为山西省著名商标，担保公司被国家经贸委批准为全国试点单位。

In production use of the latest technology - nanotechnology, has successfully developed a series of environmental protection telephones, environmental air net, environmental protection, nano-composite high-tech products such as antimicrobial additives, including the environmental series of telephone communications equipment filled a gap in environmental protection, access to State Environmental Protection telephone patents, and won the China Light Industry Products Quality Guarantee Center as "Quality Trustworthy Product" and "China's outstanding green products" title; environmentally friendly nanocomposite additive antibacterial products also received the China Light Industry Quality Assurance Center and the China International Green Management Center as "China's outstanding green products" title.

在生产中运用最新科技――纳米技术，已成功地开发了环保系列电话机，环保空气净，环保纳米复合抗菌添加剂等高科技产品，其中环保系列电话机填补了国内通讯设备环保的空白，获得国家环保电话机的专利、并荣获中国轻工产品质量保证中心认定的"质量信得过产品"和"中国优秀绿色环保产品"称号；环保纳米复合抗菌添加剂也荣获中国轻工产品质量保证中心和中国国际绿色环保管理中心认定的"中国优秀绿色环保产品"称号。

The determination of the trademarkinfringement in the comparative advertising is the fundamental issue, because it is anessential link in the judicial practice and plays a key role in the penalty of the entirecase. So it is essential to research and discuss the problem specially and deeply.

而比较广告中商标侵权的认定则是其中最基本的问题，也是司法实务中必不可少的环节，这一认定对整个案件的判罚都起着关键性的作用，因此有必要对这个方面进行专门的、深入的研究和探讨。

Finding owned company should take out no less than 30% from net income for one-time awarding the consummator and the conversion maker of the research finding, if the achievement is conversed or permitted to converse by others, and the one-time award of identified high-tech conversion projects should be no less than 40%. If the conversion is made by researcher himself or cooperated with others, the finding owned company should take out 15% of the after-tax profit for 3-5 years since the project has been successfully produced for awarding the consummator and the conversion maker of research finding, or pay one-time compensation referring such proportion, and the award of identified high-tech conversion projects should be no less than no less than 20% of after-tax profit. In joint-stock enterprises, in the case of introducing talents in the form of converting scientific and technical results shares, and the enterprises should give 30% of the value of the results as rewards. Shareholders will share the profits based on the shares they hold.

职务科技成果转让或许可他人实施转化的，科技成果拥有单位应当从净收入中提取不低于30％的比例，用于一次性奖励该项成果完成者和转化实施者，经认定的高新技术成果转化项目应当提取不低于40％的比例，用于一次性奖励；自行或与他人合作实施转化的，科技成果拥有单位应在项目成功投产3-5年内，按不低于该成果实施转化后实现的税后利润15％的比例，用于奖励该项科技成果完成者、转化实施者、或参照此比例给予一次性报酬，经认定的高新技术成果转化项目可按不低于税后利润20％的比例用于奖励；在股份制企业中，引进人才以入股方式转化其职务科技成果的，企业应给予其该科技成果作价入股金额30％的股份作为报酬，持股人依据其所持股份分享收益。

Chapter 6 put forward some suggestion to improve the litigating system of misstatement in Issue market, including adopting the actual loss standard define accuser, introducing into group litigation and shareholder derived litigation to perfect litigation mode, adopting assumption trust relation make liability parts quote. This chapter also discussed the demurrer reasons of principal parts involved in misstatement.

第六章旨在对完善我国证券发行市场虚假陈述的民事诉讼机制提出一些建议，主要包括采用实际损失者标准认定诉求主体、引进集团诉讼制度和股东代表诉讼制度来完善诉讼方式、采取信赖推定原则的因果关系认定方法使虚假陈述责任人负责举证，同时丰富和细化了各虚假陈述责任主体的抗辩理由。

Theories on proximate cause include directness, which is out of use, and foreseeability.

对于法律上因果关系，曾经采用直接结果理论认定，现今主要通过可预见理论认定。

In the part I, the concept, development and current lawmaking status of E-mail are introduced. In this part, the writer states the source, development and basic technical principals of E-mail and analyses its current application status and the importance of effectiveness identification of being evidence. Besides, related international laws on E-mail and lawmaking status in many countries are introduced. Present situation of our country's lawmaking and related model laws since the utilization of E-business and E-mail are also stated and discussed. Part II emphasizes on the differences between E-mail and traditional evidences and generalizes the characteristics of E-mail, i.e.: forgeability, changeability, dependence, uncertainty, duplicatability and transmission. Through the detailed analysis, the writer concludes that it is the above-mentioned characteristics to hinder E-mail becoming the effective evidence. Part III is the key one of this article and mainly discusses the effectiveness identification of E-mail as evidence. In this part, the writer states how the 5 characteristics of E-mail mentioned in Part II to affect the validity and authenticity of E-mail as evidence.

第一部分介绍了电子邮件的概念、发展及立法现状，在该部分中笔者详细阐述了电子邮件的产生、发展以及电子邮件运作的基本技术原理，论述了电子邮件目前的应用状况以及解决其作为证据被认定问题的重要性，同时还介绍了世界上与电子邮件有关的相关国际规范以及各国立法的情况，并讨论了我国自电子商务及电子邮件使用以来的立法现状以及相关的典型立法；第二部分重点阐述了电子邮件与传统证据的区别，并将这些区别归纳为电子邮件作为数据电文的一种类型所具有的特殊属性，即：易伪造性，易修改性，依附性，原件不确定性，易复制和传播性，通过对这些特性的详细阐述，得出了这些属性是导致电子邮件无法成为有效证据的主要障碍的这一结论；第三部分是本文的重点，着重讨论了电子邮件证据效力的认定问题，该部分主要阐述了第二部分提及的电子邮件的五个特性造成了电子邮件证据在合法性和真实性这二方面的障碍。

Therefore, the industrial accident cognizance is the prerequisite procedure of the whole protection system of industrial injury.

工伤事故认定也完全继承了这种特质，在实践当中，认定部门面对的最棘手问题，就是如何能将保险金尽快的"发出去"同时还要"发对人"。

In the former, liability of the injurer rests on the point that whether there is close and loving relationship between the injured persons, while in the latter liability depends on the proximity in terms of time and space.

前者加害人责任的认定主要取决于原告与直接受害人之间是否具有亲密至爱的人身依附关系，尤其是是否具有配偶、子女或父母等近亲属关系，后者则更加重视间接受害人与不幸事故之间在时空上的近因关系于过错与因果关系认定上的作用。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。