计算误差

The anti-noise performance of the improved method is also investigated in this paper,and the variance equation of the frequency estimation error in the presence.

分析了改进方法的抗噪声性能，推导出了在高斯白噪声背景下频率估计误差的方差公式，并通过仿真计算验证了推导公式的正确性。

It shows that theoretical calculation is almost in agreement with the experimental results. Its relative error is smaller than 18%.

通过对耐火纤维材料导热系数的计算结果和实验测定值的比较，两者基本一致，其相对误差小于 18％。

Experimental results show that the error between measurement vibration signal and its theory value is only 2.4%.

实验结果表明：用直流电路法测量得到的声波信号与其理论计算值之间误差仅为2.4%，证明了直流电路法的适用性，解决了目前Lamb波器件的功能材料层的制作工艺均与传统集成电路工艺不兼容的问题。

The globe kinetics model can be described by an exponential equation, which was fitted very well with experiment data and the error was within 7%.

结果表明，当初始pH值为7.5、反应时间为120min时，质量浓度为25mg/L的表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠的去除率为97％，且DBS降解的反应动力学模型可用幂指数方程描述，该模型计算值与试验值吻合较好，误差在7％以内。

Keywords: Electronic extensometer; Eccentric tension; Elimination of bending effect; Pure tensile elongation

下面用图2所示的偏心拉伸模型来计算单侧电子引伸计的测量误差。

It is the first important step in video analysis and will directly affects the effectiveness of indexing Shot boundary detection is one of our major research interests and we will tackle the following existing problems the ambiguity between gradual change and camera motion, the discontinuity during gradual change, false detection caused by illumination variation and flashlight, automatic threshold selection Firstly, we discuss shot boundary detection in non-compressed domain In chapter 2, we compare some of the commonly used detection methods which are based on frame difference and point out that single feature will not generate good results As a conclusion, we use fuzzy logic to combine multiple features Presently, most frame difference based shot boundary detection algorithms rely on threshold and hence the selection of such thresholds will greatly affect the performance of boundary detection We propose a membership function to define frame difference and calculate the membership with self adaptation according to the statistic distribution of frame differences to satisfy different type of video clips Experiments show that the proposed fuzzy shot boundary detection algorithm can be used with different video types and has a high detection precision and recall In chapter 3, we discuss model-based shot boundary detection algorithms regarding chromatic and spatial editing effects such as fade-in, fade-out, dissolve and wipe Various parameters are proposed to better describe the characteristics of each editing type.

镜头边界的检测是把视频自动地分割为一个个镜头，作为基本的索引单元，因此它是视频分析重要的第一步，直接影响到视频检索的成败。镜头边界的检测是本文研究的重点之一。目前镜头边界检测算法主要存在以下问题：渐变与镜头运动难以区别；渐变过程中的不连续与停顿、光照条件的变化及闪光灯等特殊情况会引起误检测；自动选择阈值比较困难等。本文首先针对非压缩域视频进行了镜头边界检测的研究。在第二章中我们采用了比较流行的基于帧间差的方法。在比较各种帧间差计算方法的基础上，指出使用单一的特征难以取得很好的检测效果，提出用模糊逻辑综合使用各种特征。目前大多数基于帧间差的镜头边界检测算法都采用阈值法进行镜头转换的判别。阈值选择的误差对检测性能有较大的影响，本文提出用隶属度函数定义帧间差较大、中等较大和较小等概念，并根据帧间差的统计分布自适应地确定隶属度，以适应不同类型的视频片断。实验结果表明这种基于糊逻辑的镜头边界检测算法可以适应不同的视频，并具有较高的检测精度和检出率。在第三章中采用基于模型的方法进行镜头渐变的检测，研究了淡入／淡出、慢转换和扫换的模型。

We collected eight field data sets of potatoes farms in five years (2004~2008) from Taiwan Seed Improvement and Propagation Station. Besides, generalized linear models were employed to estimate the proportion of the individual plant infected. By mean square error as criteria. optimal group sizes were changed from 20 to 40 plants per group so that the cost was reduced and the testing process was improved efficiently. Not only can the group-testing design advance the accuracy of testing, but it can reach to the purpose of optimization.

本研究收集行政院农业委员会种苗改良繁殖场所栽种共5年(2004~2008)8个马铃薯用间试验资料，并应用广义线性摸式来估计单株马铃薯病毒病感染率，进而以均方误差为标准，来计算每群集最佳之植株数，结果显示可将原来每群集20株检测植株扩增至40株，这不仅能降低成本且不影响检测之精确度，可达到最佳化之目的。

Since it is unable to provide the correct focal distance data to the camera, it inevitably brings the calculation adjustment error which can cause the vibration due to the system error.

因为无法向相机提供正确的焦距数据，必然带来AS功能引入的计算校正误差，会导致系统错误造成的抖动。

Establish the practical model of combustion rate about propellant, and formate the software for analog calculation.

与密爆测试中得到的燃速相比，能较好的消除药型尺寸带来的误差，可直接代入到内弹道方程组中计算炮口参量。

If the steel wire rope is moved to a prior calculated point on the gasholder top,the measuring error will decrease considerably.

将柜位计的计量钢绳移至柜顶计算好的点上，可以较好地弥补这一误差。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。