计算误差

Theretore the finite element method of calculating the temperature field of rolling tire and the computer programs presented by the paper is reliable. Further work to study and improve the calculation to make error smaller should be done to get a faster, more precise and more reliable calculation program of temperature field for tire structure design.

因此，论文给出的滚动轮胎温度场的有限元计算方法及其计算程序是可靠的，研究和改进计算中产生误差的原因，使之更完善，必将可为轮胎结构设计等提供快速、精确、可靠的滚动轮胎温度场的计算软件。

The computational formula on pressure increment in bottomholes affected by drilling speed is deduced as well.

首先利用在钻井过程中随钻测量起钻后地面回旋的方法，自行研制开发出能够抗180℃高温，具有抗震功能的测量仪器；其次，在原有模型基础上，利用实例数据进行分析，考虑固相和多相流加速度压降的影响，研制开发了流钻欠平衡钻井环空多相流井底压力的计算模型，并推导出机械钻速影响井底压力增量的计算公式；最后，为验证模型精度，开发了钻井监测与分析计算软件，软件计算结果与实测数据叶比，误差小于3%。

The computation results show a good effect and give a reduction of errors.

计算结果表明，计算公式计算效果良好，有效的减少了计算中的误差。

The results are the following: When calculating the motion mass, it is better to use idler's equivalent mass instead of the rotating part mass and serial idler's rotating inertias and equivalent mass are calculated. The accurate analysis result for the deflection curve length of the belt shows: The error calculated by the approximate parabola length is lower than 10〓. Thus the approximate method is accurate enough for calculation. The relations between the running resistances coefficient and the belt velocity are studied by experiment, which are the bases for calculating the linear coefficient values between them.

得出：在计算参与运动质量时对托辊应采用托辊的等效质量而不是目前采用的托辊旋转部分质量，并计算出了系列的托辊转动惯量和等效质量；对输送带的挠曲线长度进行了精确的分析，结果表明：采用近似的抛物线长度计算方法其误差在10〓以下，因而得到在计算输送带挠曲线长度时采用近似的抛物线具有足够的精度；对输送机运行阻力系数与带速间的关系进行的实验研究，得出阻力系数与带速线性关糸的系数值。

There are many ways to calculate GPS satellite azimuth and elevation, but the precision is low. A new method to decide GPS satellite position using the broadcast ephemeris is presented, the way to checkup the precision is also given, and some research are made to analysis the error feature of the position which is calculated by the broadcast ephemeris as well, the results show the error is periodic.

GPS卫星高度角、方位角计算方法众多，但精度低；针对这点，提出了一种利用广播星历计算卫星高度角、方位角的方法，对该方法能够达到的精度提出了鉴定的途径，并分析了利用广播星历计算卫星高度角以及方位角的误差特点，结果表明利用广播星历计算的卫星高度角、方位角呈现出周期性变化的规律。

A new method to decide GPS satellite position using the broadcast ephemeris is presented, the way to checkup the precision is also given, and some research are made to analysis the error feature of the position which is calculated hy the broadcast ephemeris as well, the results show the error is periodic.

GPS卫星高度角、方位角计算方法众多，但精度低；针对这点，提出了一种利用广播星历计算卫星高度角、方位角的方法，对该方法能够达到的精度提出了鉴定的途径，并分析了利用广播星历计算卫星高度角以及方位角的误差特点，结果表明利用广播星历计算的卫星高度角、方位角呈现出周期性变化的规律。

The methods include: determining all elements' sensitivities to the sum of error functions, optimization sequence and direction of objective functions, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Hessian matrix and the approach of stabilizing algorithm.

提出了计算功率GaAs MESFET小信号模型参数的一些改进方法，包括计算Hesse矩阵本征值和本征向量，确定各元件对总误差的敏感度、目标函数的优化顺序和优化方向，以及稳定的计算方法，计算结果与器件的测量值吻合。

The characters of several current calculation methods of disturbing gravitation are compared and the spherical harmonics function to calculate the disturbing gravitation is adopted.

通过比较几种现有的扰动引力计算方法的特点，采用了球谐函数法计算扰动引力，给出了用几何关系法求落点偏差的方法，分析了扰动引力在导弹飞行过程中的变化趋势和球谐函数模型取不同阶数时扰动引力计算造成的落点偏差，实现了通过合理选取球谐函数阶数来保证扰动引力截断误差较小的快速计算。

The astringency, error and stability of the numerical method are researched. Zero matrix method, constant matrix method, and Jacobian matrix method are constructed in order to improve numerical precision and efficiency.

研究了所提数值计算方法的误差、稳定性、收敛性等数学性质，在计算精度和计算效率两方面提出了一些改进措施，构造了零矩阵法、常数矩阵法、雅可比矩阵法等计算格式。

Taking a example for verilying the feasibility and computation precision of the approach,the computation results show that the PSO-based approach is a useful tool for solving such nonlinear optimization problems as cylindricity evaluation with complicated goal function and more parameters. It is superior to that given by the Least Square Method and a little better than or equal to those given by GA-based method and another Minimum Zone Method.

计算结果表明，该方法对于圆柱度误差评定这类具有复杂目标函数和较多参数的非线性优化问题有很好的计算性能，优于最小二乘法；与遗传算法和其它满足最小区域条件计算方法相比，计算精度略优于前者或者与前者相当，能够获得精度较高的结果，而突出优点是简单，易于实现而且计算效率较高。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。