计算单元

In the analysis, firstly, the flux boundary condition is used to simulate the frictional heat resource between wheel and rail. The non-steady heat transfer between the contacting surfaces of the wheel/rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient were all taken into consideration. Therefore, a heat coupling model of the wheel/rail in rolling/sliding is put forward to calculate the frictional temperature rise in the wheel and rail. Secondly, after the temperature distribution of wheel/rail, due to friction, is calculated, substitute the thermal load with equivalent fictitious body force and boundary distributed force loaded on the nodes of the corresponding elements. The wheel-load is applied to the center of the wheel.

首先，用热流边界条件模拟轮轨接触界面的摩擦热源，考虑轮轨间的非稳态热传导、轮轨自由表面与环境的热对流、热辐射的影响，建立轮轨滚动接触热耦合有限元计算模型，分析计算轮轨滚、滑工况下的摩擦温升；其次，以求得的轮轨温度场结果作为求解轮轨应力场的已知条件，轮载以集中力形式直接加载于轮心处，将摩擦温升引起的热载荷等效为假想体力和热边界面力，施加于相应的单元节点上，建立了轮轨热—机械载荷耦合作用的热弹性平面应力模型，分析热—机械载荷作用下的轮轨应力场。

It introduced the calculation of stiffness matrix of wall and soil elements, Gauss elimination, the method of determining the minimum calculated decertization size and dynamic data team technology.

第四章 有限元求解方程计算的相关问题讨论了墙体和土体单元刚度矩阵的计算，介绍了高斯消去法，提出了离散区域尺寸的确定方法和动态数组技术的应用。

The nonsingular integrals are popularly calculated by the Gauss numerical integral, and they are low in precision when the source points approach the element, and the singular integrals are complex.

非奇异积分一般采用数值积分，当配置点接近积分单元时，计算精度较低，奇异积分的计算也很复杂。

The incidence matrix of activity units is chosen to calculate the numbers of controlling elements to improve the efficiency and rate of getting cohesion coefficients.

提出了用活动单元关联矩阵图来计算约束结构中控制元数目的方法，提高了内聚系数计算的快速性和准确性。

First the FEM-BI (Finite Element – Boundary Integral Methods) base on vector element is presented to compute the electric field in the cavity backed antennas.

计算中首先采用基于矢量单元的"有限元－边界积分方程法"计算出背腔天线内部电场的分布；再采用互易原理求解天线的远区场，从而获得天线的辐射方向图。

Thereby the stable temperature field is analyzed by using the finite element method, and the mean temperature, temperature difference between the inwall and outer wall of the tube sheet and cylinder are worked out, which is taken as the heat load for an analysis of the stress field.

为此， 运用有限元法对稳态温度场作了计算，求得管板、筒体等部件的平均温度、内外壁温差，并将这些参数作为应力场分析的热载荷；将废热锅炉离散为由板壳元和杆单元组成的空间结构，对自重、压力、温度组合的4 种工况进行计算，得到管板、筒体等部件的应力场分布规律。

Then a four-node element formula is given. In order to avoid the inverse of the flexible matrix, Legendre polynomial is adopted in the interpolation. Thus the calculation efficiency is raised.

为了避免单元柔度矩阵的求逆，采用Legendre正交多项式作为插值函数，将求逆运算转变为矩阵的乘法计算，从而提高了计算的效率。

Exemplification shows that the method is effective for the analysis and calculation of the free frequency of cooling towers. It not only avoids the tedious process of limit element calculation, but also can supplement the experiment method.

通过示例证明，该方法对解决冷却塔固有频率分析计算行之有效，它既避免了有限单元法计算的烦琐过程，又可作为实验方法的补充。

The calculate efficiency is the key question in the dynamic simulation of deploy process of the deployable structures.The adoption of the macro element will increase the calculate efficiency of the deployable simulation.

动态模拟可展结构的展开过程，计算效率是关键问题，采用该宏单元无疑将提高模拟展开的计算效率。

Fabric geometrical parameters based on unit cell model and fabric's FVFs based on macro-unit cell model are perfectly fitted to the orthogonal woven fabric with square shape binder path, but there are some differences for the fabric with sine-line binder path which is the more practical shape.

研究发现，单元体法计算的织物结构参数和巨元体法计算的纤维体积含量，对于接结纱呈矩形折线的正交组织机织物是适用的，但对于接结纱呈曲线的实际织物，还存在着一定的误差。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。