计算公式

Methods On the basis of a great deal empirical and calculated data, a fundamental calculating formula was derived to calculate cosmic radiation dose rate in aerosphere from sea level to altitude of 25 km.

在大量实验和计算数据的基础上，推导出计算从海平面至25 km高度地球大气层中任意位置宇宙辐射剂量率的基本计算公式。

Deficiency existed in the present calculation method of loan repayment period of fixed assets expenditure is analysied combining with a actual example. New idea and formula of calculating the peiod for each year is suggested. The result calculated in this formula can really show redeemability of the project.

结合实例分析了现行建设项目固定资产投资借款还期计算中存在的不足；提出了分别计算各年的借款偿还期的思路和计算公式，计算结果能较真实地反映项目的清偿能力。

This paper presents a practical second-order method of the stability of main frame of the steel arch gate by combining the virtues of calculating length method.

本论文的重点为提出框架柱计算长度系数μ实用计算公式，及考虑剪力影响、不对称性等因素对μ影响的研究；提出弧门主框架弹塑性稳定计算方法；提出弧门主框架弹塑性稳定二阶分析实用计算方法。

Simultaneously, the exports of ionization rate and nonionzed concentration are set up as a powerful tool for studying thoroughly the freeze-out effect. dN〓/dp and dN〓/dn are neglected in the linearized equation system of the iteration methods of Newton and Gummel, due to having lower 15 orders or more than dN〓/dn and dN〓/dp, thus the computing effort is cut down with no effect on precision. A new cut-off technique is adopted to accelerate the convergence speed, about twice reduced for Newton iteration method and six times or so for Gummel iteration method. The approximate formulae of Fermi-Dirac statistics are also put forward with simpler form and higher precision. 3. A term dependent on time is added to the electron and hole current succession equations respectively. It is only this model that conservation of charge in transient analysis and alternating small-signal analysis at low temperature can be kept by. 4. The performance of SE-PISCES is explained by the simulation example of PISCES-2B, diode.

研究了低温半导体器件模拟的数值方法：对载流子浓度进行了新的归一化；编制了不考虑掺杂所引进的内建电场时的电离率计算程序；由于低温杂质电离率随偏压状态而变化，为此编制了每次求解迭代时的电离浓度计算程序，并将其插入到求解迭代程序中；同时，设置了杂质电离率和未电离杂质浓度的出口点，为更深入地研究冻析效应提供了有力工具；在Newton迭代法和Gummel迭代法的线性化方程组中忽略了dN〓/dp、dN〓/dn，是因为它们比dN〓/dn、dN〓/dp低15个数量级以上，这样减小了计算量又不影响模拟精度；对Newton迭代法和Gummel迭代法采取了新的截断技术，提高了收敛速度，Newton法迭代法和两次左右，Gummel法减少六次左右；给出了表达式更简单而精度更高的Fermi-Dirac积分近似计算公式。

Based on the united calculation formulas, the corresponding computer programs and post-processors for pc computer have been developed, which can give the graph and table results of ground movement and defmation in any time.

七、根据所得到的统一计算公式，编制了相应的计算地表移动及变形的通用计算程序，移植开发了相应的后处理程序，使计算结果图形化，从而更加形象和直观。

On the research of refloating engineering calculation model, the present absent calculation method of stranded ships turning and refloating resistance was mostly lucubrated, the calculation formula of stranded ships turning and refloating resistance was deduced.

在脱浅工程计算模型研究方面，重点对现行脱浅工程计算方法中缺少的搁浅舰船转向与出浅阻力计算方法进行了深入研究，推导出了难船转向与出浅时阻力计算公式。

The main works are listed as follows:1 Thermal Computi ng model of steam pipe network were built with good match to actual operating dataThe thermal calculation model of steam pipe network was established according to the steam pipe network heat transfer characteristics and the thermal equilibrium principle,. It includes steam temperature drop expression, the expression of per unit length heat loss when steam pipe laying in different ways and total heat transfer coefficient expression.

该模型由管内蒸汽温降方程、不同敷设方式蒸汽管道的单位长度散热损失方程、总传热系数方程等组成，利用散热损失计算公式对钢套钢蒸汽保温管道不同敷设方式、不同管径的散热损失等总传热系数的影响因素进行了分析，计算结果表明三方程联合求解提高了新建蒸汽管网热力计算的准确度，可用于新建蒸汽管网的热力计算。

From combining internal force calculation with design detailing, some calculation simplifications and hypotheses are first presented, then a calculation method and corresponding formulas of internal forces for elliptical spiral stairs are derived.

采取计算与构造相结合的方法，进行必要的计算简化和假定，在椭圆形旋转楼梯的内力计算时，把固定坐标变换成动点坐标，推导相应的计算公式。

According to the post-tensioning method in prestressed concrete members,the calculation method of prestress losses caused by the deformation anchorage device,slip of tendon and joint compression was big in the error and narrow in the scope of application.

针对后张法预应力混凝土构件中由锚具变形、预应力钢束回缩和接缝压缩等引起的预应力损失计算方法适用范围较窄和误差较大的缺点，基于变形协调条件，通过分段近似计算方法，建立了锚具变形、预应力钢束回缩和接缝压缩等引起的预应力损失计算公式，并与实际预应力混凝土T形截面简支梁的计算结果进行了比较。

The main research contents are as follows:1. Through massive calculation, analysis and comparison, sum up the similarities and differences between the special-shaped cross sections and rectangular cross sections in mechanical features, between reinforced concrete special-shaped columns and rectangular columns in load-bearing capacity, ductility performance and provide necessary basic concepts and data for further understanding the characteristics of the special-shaped columns;2. Through massive elastic calculations and elasto-plastic analysis, under the preconditions of satisfying the code's requirements for axial compression ratio, limit value of lateral displacement and load-bearing capacity of normal section,oblique section and beam-column joint, under circumstances of different intensity of earthquake, structure dead weight, sort of site and column grid bay dimension, the variation regularity of maximum suitable height of structure, and thus sum up the maximum suitable height of structure for code for the purpose of macro-control while deciding the design scheme;3. Make a preliminary study on the stress feature of reinforced concrete special-shaped column and Z-shaped column of which the ratio of limb length to limb thickness is between 4~5 ,and the preliminary design method is suggested;4. Through elato-plastic time history dynamic analysis of typical projects, check up the weak storey of the special-shaped column structure and yielding, breaking and collapse mechanism to satisfy the earthquake resistant requirement to buildings of remaining stand under strong earthquake;5. Derive for project use simplified calculation formula of vibration period, suitable vibration period, suitable rigidity of special-shaped column structure through theoretical analysis, and provide an easy and practical method for deciding the structure scheme economically, safely and reasonably;6. Based on the study achievements in theory and massive analysis and calculations of this paper, sum up the regularities of inner force, deformation of special-shaped column structure and seismic conceptual design, and thus the suggection of seismic design of special-shaped column structures is presented.

本文研究的主要内容如下：通过大量的计算、分析和对比，总结出异形截面与矩形截面在力学特性、钢筋混凝土异形截面柱与矩形截面柱在承载能力、延性性能等方面的异同，为深入了解异形截面柱的特点提供必要的基本概念和数据；通过大量的弹性及弹塑性计算分析，在满足规程对轴压比、侧移限值及正截面、斜截面、节点承载力抗震验算要求的前提下，在不同抗震设防烈度、结构自重、场地类别及柱网开间尺寸情况下最大适宜高度的变化规律，并在此基础上总结归纳出异形柱结构的最大适用高度规定，可用于规程，以便于在确定方案时起到宏观控制的作用；对肢长与肢厚比在4～5的钢筋混凝土异形截面柱及Z形柱的受力特点进行初步探讨，提出初步的设计方法；通过对典型工程的弹塑性动力时程分析，检验异形柱结构的薄弱层及屈服、破坏、倒塌机制，以达到建筑物大震不倒的抗震设防要求；通过理论分析，推导出异形柱结构自振周期，以及适宜自振周期、适宜刚度的工程实用简化计算公式，为经济、安全、合理地确定结构方案提供简便实用的方法；在本文理论分析、计算以及大量的研究成果基础上，总结归纳出异形柱结构内力、变形的规律及抗震概念设计内容，并在此基础上提出异形柱结构的抗震设计建议。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。