计算

In the homogeneous model, the function of tendons is assumed to be uniform in some approximated way in order to form an equivalent homogeneous material within concrete. The formulation of the homogeneous model is same with that of general FEM for common continuum, let alone the elastic matrix being resultant of that of tendon and concrete. The computation is simple, but the approximate assumption makes this method cannot be generalized, because it only represents the constitution and function of tendons in such a rough way, that the numerical results are inaccurate. In the combined model, the function of tendon is considered by the stiffness matrix with rod element, then add it into the stiffness matrix of concrete by a rational way.

均匀类单元是设想将钢筋均匀弥散于整个单元中，使其成为一种连续均匀材料单元，这种单元的与一般有限元的单元刚度矩阵推导过程一样，只不过其弹性矩阵由混凝土和钢筋两部迭加而成的，此类单元刚阵计算简明而又不会扩大计算规模，但均匀弥散只是为计算简单而作一种假想，不贴近单元构造实际，也不符合实际作用效果。

We can then use this set of unwarped perspective images to calculate the relative poses of the calibration plate as well as the projection error of the feature points on the calibration plate by using the homography method.

接下我们就可以用所计算出的这组反扭曲影像，计算出虚拟相机与校正物之间的相对姿势，且再用homography方法我们可以计算出校正版上每个特徵点的校正误差。

First, in the horizontal positioning accuracy aspect of total-station instrument, point out the importance of direction, distance to correct calculation and coordinates to convert, give coordinates calculated formula of single intersection point of non-symmetry type of horizontal curve, deduce to square–error's calculated formula of horizontal coordinates and point space by polar coordinates positioning methods, and analyze the main influence factor of square–error.

首先，在全站仪的平面定位精度方面，指出方向、距离归化计算和坐标转换的重要性，给出单交点非对称型平曲线坐标的计算公式，导出极坐标定位法平面坐标和点位中误差的计算公式，并分析中误差的主要影响因素。

One of the characters about calculation in nonlinear finite element is that there are so many data types, huge and complex results that it causes the hugeness of workload about the calculating process and result.

非线性有限元计算的特点之一是数据类型多，计算结果的数据量庞大而复杂，由此导致了对计算过程和结果处理中工作量巨大甚至无法实现。

Works are expected to become a generation of software products, the volume of steel two-in-one software project to create a building of reinforced concrete hybrid computing model, BOQ software standards the first to adapt to national unity has become a model for the industry. In 2004, the industry can make the concept of data centers, engineering data to build professional web sites to provide data services. In 2005, the company launched Project Cost Management System, in the tools software, data services, cost management began three areas to provide customers with a comprehensive project cost computing services. In 2006, the company will focus on project management, systems management for industry to shape the revolutionary professional computing platforms for clients to build project management system.

工程预算软件成为一代精品，钢筋工程量二合一软件开创建筑钢筋、混凝土混合计算模式，工程量清单软件率先适应全国统一标准，成为行业典范。2004年，公司为行业提出数据中心概念，建立专业工程数据网站，提供数据服务。2005年，公司推出工程造价管理系统，在工具软件、数据服务、造价管理三个方面开始为客户提供全面的工程造价计算服务。2006年，公司将致力于工程管理领域，为行业走向系统管理塑造革命性的专业计算平台，为客户打造工程管理体系。

The calculation result shows the velocity of heat and mass transfer is finite and has the characteristics of wave. The compare of the results of hyperbolic equation and those of parabolic equations shows there is a delay between both the thermal and the mass of the former and those of latter.

计算结果表明：在考虑热量传递过程的松弛效应以后，发现热量传递速度是有限的且具有明显的波传播机制，计算结果和由抛物型方程进行计算得到的结果进行比较发现不管是热量传递还是质量传递在时间上都有一个延迟。

The main research contents are stated asfollow: 1. Simplified analysis method of space grids structuresDouble-layer space grids have been assumed as sandwich plate, and are analyzed bythe nontraditional theory of plate with consideration of shear deformation and threegeneralized displacements. Using the theory of energy variation, simplified methodsfor bending, stability and vibration analysis of double-layer space grids have been putforward based upon the idea of split rigidity. The formulas for calculating internalforces, displacements, critical load and natural frequency have been given out. Set thestable cables and bearing cables in hyperbolic paraboloid cable nets are all replaced bytruss-cable to form truss-cable nets structures. Natural vibration analysis method fortruss-cable nets structures has been put forward using the energy variation method andRayleigh method.

主要内容包括： 1、空间网格结构静动力简化分析方法把网架结构简化为夹层板，采用考虑剪切变形的具有三个广义位移的平板弯曲理论进行分析，基于分解刚度思想利用能量变分原理提出了网架结构弯曲、稳定与振动分析的简化计算方法，给出了位移、内力、屈曲临界荷载和固有频率的计算公式；将双曲抛物面索网中的稳定索与承重索均用劲性索代替形成劲性索网结构，基于能量变分法和Rayleigh法给出了劲性索网结构固有振动分析的简化计算公式。

The method uses an implicit iterative scheme with a hyperbolic sine transformation for the matrix potential, takes the advancing front self-adaptive grid, and resolves problem of too much account in calculation to dry earth's surface by fixed grid method. Results indicate that calculation speed is increased greatly and errors are less than by fixed grid method.

该方法使用了水土势双曲正弦变换的隐式差分格式，并采取了自动向下搜索的空间网格形式，解决了干燥地表固定网格计算量过大的问题，同时计算速度大大提高，计算误差小于固定网格法的误差值。

To calculate the aerodynamic forces on the vehicle and grid-fins, we use time-dependent method to solve the Navier-Stokes equation of ideal gas, and flux conservational multizones method to divide the complex vehicle and grid-fins into eight computational zones which are relatively independent, and correlative with each other at once with satisfactory results.

为了计算作用在飞行器和栅格翼上的气动力，采用时间相关法数值求解完全气体的三维Navier－Stokes方程，并运用通量守恒的分区计算方法，将复杂的飞行器和栅格翼系统分解成八个既相对独立，又相互关联的计算区域，得到了满意的结果。

Considering the difference of runoff characteristics on different underlying surface in the area of plain tidal river network, four kinds of surface is divided,namely, waters paddy field-, dry land and central urbanized area,and suitable method is adopted separately in each surface to simulate runoff process. Xinanjiang Model usually applicable for mountain areas is introduced to river network area, furthermore, the paper researches runoff calculation of central urbanized area, the underlying surface is divided into pervious and imperviousness areas.In perviousness areas, Hoton Infiltration formula and corresponding spatial infiltration rate curve are used to establish the relationship between infiltration rate and soil moisture in order to decide the infiltration. According to practical situation.

根据平原河网区城市下垫面产汇流方式的不同，分成水面、水田、旱地、城镇四类，分别采用相对应的产流汇流计算方法，将适用于山丘区的新安江模型引入到平原河网区城市，同时对于城镇这类下垫面，从下渗角度考虑，划分成透水和不透水两种类型，根据霍顿下渗公式和下渗率空间分布曲线，建立下渗率和土壤含水量的关系，进而研制出城镇透水面的产流计算方法，城镇汇流根据实际情况可结合城市管道排水计算。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。