言词

In many aspects, it is even more strictly than the Principle of Directness and Verbalism. So we can say it is also a worldwide principle in the criminal trial procedure.

所以从这一意义上来说，直接言词原则又是一项世界性的刑事审判原则。

This chapter further clarifies the core and basement of the modern principle evidence judgment in the procedure through resolving the relationship among the principle of the presumption of innocence and Directness and Verbalism free evaluation of evidence,etc,in order to effectively comprehend the function of the principle of evidentiary adjudication.

为有效理解证据裁判主义所具有的功能，通过解析其与无罪推定、直接言词原则、自由心证等制度之间的关系，进一步阐明了证据裁判主义在诉讼中的核心和基础地位。

It mainly embodies in the following aspects. First, the witness'universal default in courts caused the adjudication depended on the written evidence. Second, the judges who chair the trial lack the independent right to adjudicate, and the adjudication is not totally a direct result of the trial. Third, the judges don't have enough professional skill to control the trial guided by the Principle of Directness and Verbalism.

主要体现在：一、证人普遍不出庭导致庭审过度依赖书面证据；二、庭审法官缺乏独立的裁判权，裁判结论不完全是法庭审理的直接结果；三、法官业务水平不高，难以驾驭以直接言词原则为指导的庭审。

I see all this very clearly, not verbally but actually – it is a fact.

我看得很清楚，不是言词上的而是实际看到的—那是个事实。

The solution way is to speed up the process reform in criminal trial, and realize jurisdiction independence, to implement the straight wordage principle, to thoroughly settle the defense question and so on.

解决的途径一是加快刑事审判程序改革的步伐，实现司法独立。二是贯彻直接、言词原则。三是彻底解决庭审中的辩护问题等。

The direct wordage principle in lawsuit requests witnessing in court, but the latter has become a problem as to lacking concerning legislation and relative rules.

诉讼的直接言词原则要求证人应出庭作证，但现行立法的缺失及配套规范的缺乏，证人出庭成为一大难题。

Lastly,the relevant problems which should be done:establishing the unattached detention system from the investigation power and establishing rigid regulations of excluding lawless wordage evidences.

第三、需要完善的相关问题。建立独立于侦查权之外的独立羁押管理体制和严格的非法言词证据排除规则。

Independence of judicature ; trial equity ; straight wordage

司法独立；审判公正；直接言词

I think there are two aspects should be perfected. On Capacity of evidence, we should carry out direct wordage principle in litigation, set up franchise rules, exclude illegally obtained evidence. On weight of evidence, we should establish the principle of free evaluation of evidence through inner conviction, and give the evaluation necessary restrict in order to ensure the heart proof impersonally.

本文认为，在证据能力方面，我国应当在诉讼中贯彻直接言词原则，设立特权规则，对重大违法的证据予以排除；在证明力方面，应当确立自由心证原则，并对心证以必要的制约，以保障心证的客观化、合理化、公开化。

Suspects and defendants can also be the subjects of perjury in several conditions. Anyone who records wordage evidence would commit perjury if he makes a false record intentionally. The purpose of perjury that is provided by criminal law does not meet with the requirement of the legal interests of perjury. In accord with these legal interests,"objective theory" is more reasonable on the cognizance of "false". It is unreasonable that the criminal law limits perjury in criminal proceedings.

据此，对伪证罪的构成要件可以作如下解释：在主体要件方面，将被害人解释为伪证罪的主体有其实质合理性，犯罪嫌疑人、刑事被告人在一定条件下可以构成伪证罪的主体，担任言词证据记录工作的人故意做虚假记录的应当构成伪证罪；在主观要件方面，刑法对伪证罪设定的目的要求并不符合伪证罪的法益需要；在客观要件方面，关于伪证行为中"虚假"的认定，"客观说"更符合伪证罪的保护法益，刑法将伪证罪限定在刑事诉讼中，不符合伪证罪的法益内容。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。