解释语言

Danto: Yes, I do think that's important, that when you pick it up and you start reading it you think you're reading about an adult Spanish nobleman in La Mancha etc., and all his hallucinations and fantasies and so forth, and somebody says,'Oh no, this was written by a 19th century Frenchman, a poet, a symbolist poet, and it's really about language, it's not about Spain at all', you'd say,'But I would never have known that', and I'd say,'Well, no, but if you look on the copyright page, you'll see that it's copyrighted 1897'- and so forth, and you'd have to give it a very different interpretation.

丹图：是的，我不认为那是重要的，当你把那本书拿起来开始读的时候，你以为你在读关于一位成年的西班牙拉曼查那地方的绅士的故事等等，以及他的那些走火入魔和异想天开等等，有人就说，&啊不，这是19世纪的一个法国人写的，是个诗人，象征主义诗人，它其实是关于语言的，完全和西班牙不沾边&，你说，&但是，我本来不会知道这个的呀，&我将说，&嗯，你不知道，但是如果你看看版权页，你会看到那是1897年的版权&——如此等等，那你就得对它做一种非常不同的解释了。

Landes explains the Industrial Revolution as the result of European characteristics that permitted intellectual autonomy, the development of the scientific method of analysis, and the development of research as a routine human activity, with its own language and methods, developed and accepted across national boundaries and independent of religious considerations.

蓝迪斯解释工业革命，将其归结为欧洲特征的结果。这种特征容许心智独立，容许发展科学的分析方法，容许发展研究，以作为人类日常活动，有它自己的语言和方法，可以超越国家疆界传播与接受，完全不受宗教考虑的制约。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。