角质组织

The results showed that it adapted to saltmorphic circumstances through the following characters: A lot of aerenchyma existed in the vegetative organs;Phellem highly expanded in roots;thick cuticula;more mucilage cells and aleurone grains in parenchyma of roots and stems;A lot of water storing...

结果表明，不同生态环境中生长的马齿苋解剖结构显著不同，盐生马齿苋具有适应盐渍环境的结构特征，这些特征表现为：营养器官通气组织发达；根的次生结构中木栓发达；根、茎的薄壁组织中含有大量的黏液细胞和糊粉粒；叶片表皮的角质膜厚；叶肉中含晶细胞、叶绿体及贮水组织丰富；而这些特征是黑土地上生长的马齿苋所不具备的。

F. bidentis leaf was of isobilateral type, and had thicker epidermis cell wall and cuticle, obvious cryptopores, and highly developed palisade tissue, with typical C4-plant Kranz anatomy. The collenchymas and vascular tissue in stem and the aerenchyma in root were well developed. Secretory structure was found in all vegetative organs. According to the analyses of soil physical and chemical properties and relevant ecological factors, F.

结果表明：黄顶菊叶片表皮具较厚的角质层、下陷气孔，叶片为等面叶、全栅型，叶肉细胞环绕维管束鞘细胞紧密排列，是典型C4植物的Kranz花环结构；茎中厚角组织和维管组织发达，根中还存在通气组织；根、茎、叶中均存在分泌结构。

During the process of long-time adaptive evolution, wetland plants adopted a series of special strategies to acclimate to salt stress. The main strategies are: 1 life history adjustment, e. g., to adjust seed germination time, implement seed dormancy and viviparity, and change reproductive manner to escape from direct salt stress, 2 morphological adjustment, e. g., to adjust biomass allocation pattern, age stem, defoliate, and carnify vegetative organs to isolate the redundant Na(superscript +) to the inactive-metabolism shoots or exclude the Na(superscript +)from tissues; 3 anatomic adjustment, e. g., to sink stoma, develop aerenchyma, and thicken cuticle and phellogen to maintain normal photosynthesis and respiration; 4 physiological and biochemical adjustment, e. g., to exclude and excrete salt, compartmentalize ions, adjust osmosis, do selective absorption, regulate hormones, and induce antioxidative enzymes to maintain the osmotic equilibrium and eliminate the active oxygen in cell; and 5 molecular level adjustment, e. g., to start up many salt-induced genes to regulate the metabolic responses to salt stress.

在长期的适应进化过程中，湿地植物形成了多种适应盐胁迫的策略，主要有：1生活史方面，植物可通过种子萌发时间的调整、种子体眠、胎生、繁殖方式的改变等逃避盐度的直接伤害；2形态学方面，植物可通过生物量分配模式的调整、茎的老化、落叶及营养器官的肉质化等将多余的Na隔离到代谢不活跃的茎中或将其排出体外；3解剖学方面，植物可通过气孔下陷、发达的通气组织、增加细胞木栓层、角质层及栅栏组织的厚度等以维持植物正常的光合作用和呼吸作用；4生理生化方面，植物可通过离子区隔化、拒盐、泌盐、选择性吸收、渗透调节、激素调节及抗氧化物酶的诱导等来维持细胞内正常的渗透压，清除胞内活性氧分子；5分子水平方面，植物可通过多种与盐胁迫相关的基因来调控细胞内的多种代谢反应。

Results showed that all leaves consisted of epidermis, chlorenchyma, aquiferous tissue and vascular bundles. The leaves had the xeromorphic characteristics, including thickened epidermal cell wall, thickened cuticle, sunken stomata and well_developed aquiferous tissue. With the exception of this, there were remarkable differences in leaf structure among the six species.

结果表明，6种芦荟叶均由表皮、光合组织、储水组织和维管束组成，都表现出明显的旱生植物肉质叶的结构特征，表皮由一层扁平的细胞组成，其外壁加厚，并覆盖着厚的角质膜，气孔器凹陷，储水组织发达。

Structures of the tissue-engineered skin constructed for 2 weeks were similar to those of normal skin except that there was no corneum in the tissue-engineered skin.

组织学观察发现，体外培养2周的组织工程皮肤与正常皮肤的组织结构特征相似，仅缺少角质层。

The function of terminal differentiation is to produce specific tissue cell-keratinocyte whose function is to protect the tissue, while the function of apoptosis is to delete the specific cells to keep homeostasis of the tissue.

终末分化的结果是产生特定的组织细胞-角质细胞，以保护上皮组织；细胞凋亡则是选择清除特定的细胞，以保持组织的平衡稳定。

This paper made a systematic research on Lonicerafulvotomentosa Hsu et S.C. Cheng, which grows well inkarst areas, from its biological characteristics, such asmorphology, growth and physiology. The main conclusions asfollows:(1)From the viewpoint of morphological anatomy, it hastypical xerophyte structures such as well-developed epidermisand tissues that transport water effectively, small leaf area,dense floss under the leaf surface, high stoma density, thesmall opening degree, thick cuticle, well-developed xylem andpalisade tissues, etc. The pollen of L. fulvotomentosa isseems to be spherical, and has 3 grooves, much bulge on theepidermis evenly. The shape of pollen is an important featureon taxonomy. The ripe fruit has from 1 to 18 seeds, some fruitbranch has 135 berry, its diameter is up to 0.8 centimeter.(2)From the viewpoint of growth, L.

本文从形态解剖、生长发育的节律、光合生理特性以及种子萌发生理等生物学特性方面对喀斯特适生经济植物黄褐毛忍冬进行了较为系统的研究，得出以下结论：(1)在形态解剖上，黄褐毛忍冬根茎中含有发育良好的周皮和输导组织，导管密度大，横截面宽，周皮的形成具有节制蒸腾、通气作用和保护组织免受外界环境影响的作用，宽的导管对水分的输导效率高；叶片密被绒毛，面积较小，气孔密度大、开度小，厚的角质层和发育良好的木质部和栅栏组织等是典型的旱生结构；黄褐毛忍冬花粉近球形，具3 孔沟，表面具均匀分布的小刺，刺间具网状纹理。

The results show that the leaf of Alnus cremastogyne is typical of bifacial leaf, the structural parameters of leaf among clones are very significant difference (P.01), of which the cuticle thickness varies most and the stoma density takes the second place, but cell tense ratio and spongy ratio and vein protuberant degree are comparatively stable.

结果表明，桤木叶为典型的异面叶，各无性系间叶片结构指标均存在极显著差异，其中角质层厚度变异最大，气孔密度次之，而叶片组织结构紧密度、叶片组织结构疏松度和叶脉突起度等比较稳定。

The leaf epidermis structures of 6 species of Rhododendron had been observed under LM and SEM. The results show that all share together common features as follows: the leaf blades are typical back-abdomen bifacial types, the upper epidermis are formed by two or three layer bigger cells which inside layer cell is bigger than outside one, and the upper epidermis are covered with thicker cuticle.

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了6种杜鹃属植物的叶片结构，结果表明，它们具有共同形态结构特征：典型的异面叶，上表皮由2~3层细胞组成，内大外小或内、外等大，有较厚的角质膜，无气孔器分布；下表皮均由1层细胞组成，排列紧密；栅栏组织由2层以上长柱形细胞组成，排列紧密；海绵组织细胞较短，排列较疏松，细胞间隙较大；均有表皮附属物。

We found that 1 mutant EG4 cells showed typical characteristics of pluripotent stem cells which had no obvious difference with wild cells; 2 When induced by 10〓 M retinoic acid , mutant EG4 cells differentiated into adipocytes with high frequency compared with mutant cells, suggested that EGFR plays a role in adipocyte differentiation; 3 when injected into nude mice, mutant teratocarcinomas contained a large amount of connective tissues as well as skeletal muscle, while wild EG4 cells produced frequently cartilage, keratinocyte and neuroepithelium.

我们建立了稳定表达胞内区功能缺失的外源EGFR cDNA片段的EG4细胞，分析其生长分化特性，发现 1）突变型细胞可在未分化状态下维持长时间的增殖，表明EGFR对EG多能干细胞表型无明显影响；2）〓 M的维甲酸A(retinoid acid A，RA)诱导后，大部分对照组细胞分化为脂肪细胞，而突变型细胞分化为脂肪细胞的比例明显较少，表明EGFR在脂肪细胞的发育分化中具有一定的调节作用；3）畸胎瘤切片分析显示，突变型瘤组织分布有大量的未分化细胞和结缔组织，分化细胞以肌肉细胞为主；对照组瘤组织含丰富的角质上皮、软骨、神经管等依赖EGFR的分化组织。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。