观测误差

Second, when the system does not satisfy such detectability but satisfy other conditions, there is a gain matrix ensuring the asymptotic convergence of the observer error, and the sufficient conditions and the method of solving gain matrix are obtained similarly.

其次， 当系统不满足该可检测性，但满足其它条件时，仍存在使得观测误差渐近收敛的增益矩阵，并类似地得到了增益矩阵满足的充分性条件和计算方法。

First, under certain detectability that the system satisfies, the sufficient conditions are presented for the asymptotic convergence of the observer error by using the singular value theory. The method of solving gain matrix is presented based on the Riccati equation.

首先， 当系统满足某种可检测性时，利用奇异值理论得到了使得观测误差渐近收敛的增益矩阵需满足的充分性条件，并基于Riccati方程给出了计算增益矩阵的方法。

The linear structural EV model studied in the paper can be written aswhere are the observations and measurement error of Xi and yi respectively ,and ij, Xi, ij are p-vectors .The paper presents the estimators of ,.Under some suitable conditions ,strong consistency is obtained .

对于一般线性结构型EV模型，即ξ_=X_i+δ_，η_=y_i+ε_=α+X_i′β+ε_，j=1，…n_i；i=1，…，k，…(0.2)其中ξ_(ij，η_，δ_，ε_分别是自变量X_i和因变量y_i的观测值和观测误差，ξ_，X_i，δ_是p维向量本文给出了参数β，α的估计，并在适当条件下，得到了估计的强相合性。

The observation data during 1-31, August 2006 and the first guess from T213 numerical weather prediction system are used for analyzing the root mean square of observation error.

观测误差均方差分析使用2006年8月1-31日观测资料，国家气象中心T213L31全球中期分析预报系统的6小时预报作为背景场。

It is different from traditional concept that the concept dynamic roughness includes influence of model error, truncation error, observation error and so on.

此时的糙率与传统的概念有明显的不同，它包含了模型误差，截断误差，观测误差等各方面的综合影响。

It can be used to calculate positioning error related to baseline error and observation error. It can also be used to calculate convergent area and unstable area with given GIB network.

并以此详细推导了水面基线误差、网形对定位结果的误差分析公式和距离观测误差对定位结果的误差分析公式。

The influence of observational error on statistical inference is discussed and the method to diminish the impact of stochastic error is given.

摘要讨论了观测误差对某些统计推断的影响，给出了减小随机误差影响的方法。

Based on practically stable principle, this paper extends the concept of sliding mode to sliding zone attraction and presents a new velocity observer for robotic tracking control It can guarantee observational error is irrelative to motion trajectory. By means of it, a robust controller is further derived.

本文基于实际稳定性原理，推广了滑动模控制，提出了滑动域吸引性设计思想，并以此设计了机械手速度观测器，以及基于观测器的机械手输出反馈控制系统，与以往观测方案不同的是，这一观测器可以保证其观测误差与机械手运动轨迹无关。

The settlement observation of bridge pier and abutment was discu ssed. The GM prediction model of the settlement observation error and t h e settlement development was established to set up system for bridge saftely use and maintenance.

阐述了桥梁墩、台沉降变形的观测，建立了桥梁墩、台沉降观测误差和沉降变形逐年发展情况的GM预测模型，为桥梁安全使用，养护管理决策提供可靠的科学依据。

Research conclusions:In the repetition survey for precise control of outside tunnel, it can be verified whether the result of repetition survey meets the requirement of construction accuracy or not through making comparison of the distance with azimuth of corresponding baseline.

研究结论：在隧道洞外精密控制测量的复测中，对组成的同名基线进行距离和方位角对比，可以很快验证复测成果是否符合施工精度要求；同名基线的验证方法可以有效地反映观测误差对隧道横向贯通误差的影响；工程实践证实，同名基线对比分析可避免过于繁琐的内业工作，及时确保施工安全和进度。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。