观测误差

Although the theory of water and soil loss law and the echniques of integrated soil and water conservation measure of primary geomorphy have become quite mature by scientists' effort over several decades in the world, study to water and soil loss in constructional project is slow to developed country. Among researchers, there are many opinions on the model of water and soil loss caused by constructional project because it is serious shortage of data from observation or test in construction projects.

原生地貌水土流失规律和综合治理技术措施经过几十年的研究与探索，基本形成了较为成熟的理论体系和技术措施体系，但我国对开发建设项目水土保持的研究起步较晚，对水土流失预测的概念、内容还存在着不同的理解，特别是目前开发建设项目水土流失定位观测和动态监测数据十分缺乏，水土流失预测模式中的参数缺乏实验值，都是凭经验估计或参照坡面或流域水土流失预报方程中的参数取值，由此预测出的水土流失量误差极大，从而影响到水土保持措施的优化配置。

In this study, based on the Rnl, extinction coefficient k, transition coefficient of canopy layer stomatic resistance K', aerodynamics resistance ra and rc calculated with the data of Rn, LAI, rsi, the daily transpiration variation of Picea purpurea, Larix principisrupprechtii, Hippophae rhamnoides ,Betula platyphylla and Populus cathayana were studied in Datong County, Qinghai Province. Comparing with the practical transpiration variation measured by Li1600 Steady Porometer, the relative error of this model was less than ±15%, and the results were stabilized and tested by precision analysis.

本研究通过对Rn、LAI、rsi的实地观测，确定了林冠截流净辐射、消光系数、冠层阻力转换系数、空气动力学阻力和冠层整体气孔阻力，对青海大通地区紫果云杉、华北落叶松、沙棘、白桦和青杨的日蒸腾过程进行了模拟，与用快速称重法订正的Li1600稳态气孔仪实测蒸腾结果对比，模拟的相对误差在±15%以内；模型敏感性分析发现，温度、LAI以及rsi是决定模拟结果的主要参数，模型对各参数变化反应不敏感。

In this study, the methodology of linear structural rela- tionship model of latent variable has been studied which is the first time in China. Some extended conclusions have been come up to, such as multi-factor congeneric measure model, the reliability of measurable variable and its hy- pothesis test, the relation between standardized solution and unstandardized solution, multidimensional path model with measure errors, and multilevel model of latent vari- able. Some examples have been shown to help apply these results in practice, such as the analyses of the children growth-development data, the bone density data and the health resources data by means of latent variable model. Not only have new explanations for these data been achieved, but also powerful patterns for applying the theoretical methods in medical sciences and other fields.

首次系统地研究了潜在变量的线性关系模型，对部分已有的结论作了有益的推广，如：多因子度量模型、观测变量的可靠性及其假设检验、标准解与非标准解的关系、有度量误差的多维通径模型、以及多水平资料的潜变量建模；并用实例阐述了它们的具体应用，如分析了儿童发育调查资料、人体骨骼密度调查资料以及卫生资源利用效益评价资料，不仅获得了这些资料本身一些新的解释，也为本文所研究的理论方法在医学科研以及其它领域科研中的应用提供了例证，也便于广大医学工作者掌握。

This paper focus as on the Accuracy Analysis of orbit determination for the on-going Chinese lunar exploration mission 'Chang Er 1', using the joint tracking network of USB and VLBI with real network geographic distribution scenario and considering both systematic and stochastic measurement noise. The whole flight orbit of the Charng Er 1' includes Phasing orbit, Translunar orbit and Mission orbit.

本文以我国正在实施的探月计划&嫦娥1 号&工程为背景，分析了在我国USB 测控网和VLBI 跟踪网的现有空间分布、观测弧段和尽可能接近真实情况的误差源等前提下的探月飞行器的精密定轨。

We modeled the triplicated P waveform to determine the focal depth relative to the 670 km discontinuity and found that the earthquake actually occurred above the discontinuity. Thus even the deepest earthquakes in current catalogs still occur in the upper mantle.

因为地球中的横向不均匀性，地震的绝对深度有较大的误差，所以我们根据观测地震图中明显的三重值特征，对上述那次深地震进行波形模拟，把相对深度和绝对深度结合起来，最终确定地震实际发生在670公里间断面以上，因此我们认为目前目录中那些最深的地震仍然发生在上地幔中。

The accuracy analysis for different measurements and parameters are given respectively. The simulation results show that the positioning accuracy is influenced by azimuth error greatly.

通过对系统各个因素算法定位性能的影响，得出了各方法定位误差的分布规律；将仿真结果进行对比，得出结论：距离信息对算法的定位性能影响较小，系统的定位性能主要受角度观测信息的影响较大。

It absorbed the merits of different mechanical structures, applied the mechanic principles of folk waterwheel, barrel car, as well as shaduf, cam, and balance weigh beam, and thus was an automatic observatory, which had the multi function of observation, demonstration and time giving, and it gained or lost no more than one second per day. It was the ancestor of the mechanical clocks, since

它吸取各家机械结构之长，采用民间水车、筒车，以及桔槔、凸轮、天平秤杆等机械原理，是集观测、演示和报时为一体的自动化天文台，精确度已达到误差每日一秒，更因为采用了早期的擒纵机构，成为机械钟的祖先。

Observations made by pendulums in a submarine between 1920 and 1950, avoiding stormy weather, are liable to errors of perhaps 5 mgal.

在1920年和1950年之间，在潜艇中用摆仪进行的观测，避开了暴风雨天气，也许可能有5毫伽的误差。

Based on the test of practical measure of laser water-level gauge, the error is less than 0.6mm in the measure range less than 5 meters. Compared with other field water-level measure apparatuses in common use, the precision of laser water-level gauge has obvious improvement. And this gauge can also be applied to physical modeling experiment in river engineering.

4研制开发的激光水位仪经实测检验，在5米测距范围内，测量误差小于0.6mm，比常用的野外水位观测仪器的精度有明显的提高，该仪器亦可用于河工模型试验的水位测量。

In this paper,in combination with practice of penstock anchorage extra-large height difference settlement measurement for a pump-storage hydropower station,the measurement systematic error(including the invar leveling staff temperatare correction,scaled plane bend correction and circld bulb inclination correction)is analyzed.

结合某抽水蓄能电站镇墩特大高差沉降观测的实际工作，分析了铟钢水准尺温度改正、分划面弯曲改正及水准尺圆水准气泡倾斜改正等系统误差的规律，得出了一些有益的结论。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。