观测误差

It is important to suitably estimate the root mean square of observation error in a given assimilation system.

在观测资料同化系统中，观测误差均方差与背景场误差均方差共同决定着观测信息与背景场信息的相对重要性以及这些信息在空间及不同变量间的扩展方式，故在资料同化系统中起到决定性作用。

In two different eases of the error in observation, a quick and precise simulation algorithm is designed, which takes optimized rule, precision, time and equipment performance into account.

在考虑观测误差和不考虑观测误差的两种情况下，综合优化规则、运算精度、运算时间，以及仿真机器的性能等各方面因素，设计出高精度参数确定的方法。

Because of the fatal differs between large-scale and mesoscale weather systems, such problems as relevant model of background error, representativeness of observation data and observation error structure still need to carry on deeper research.

鉴于中尺度和天气尺度天气系统之间的巨大差别，在中尺度资料三维变分同化时，背景误差相关模型的设置、观测误差结构和观测资料的代表性等方面还需要进行更加深入的研究。

Second, the data checking and correction process, to understand the various sources of measurement error, its three main areas: equipment error (determined by the instrument itself, is an objective source of error), observation error (due to the technical level personnel a result of belonging to a subjective source of error), external influence error (subject, such as temperature, atmospheric refraction effects of external factors such as these factors are also constantly changing and difficult to control, belonging to a variable source of error).

其次，在对数据的检查和矫正的过程中，明白了各种测量误差的来源，其主要有三个方面：仪器误差（仪器本身所决定，属客观误差来源）、观测误差（由于人员的技术水平而造成，属于主观误差来源）、外界影响误差（受到如温度、大气折射等外界因素的影响而这些因素又时时处于变动中而难以控制，属于可变动误差来源）。

The mathematical models of the delay of the GPS signal in the circumstance are put forward respectively. The computation of orbital arc of the two satellite constellations is based on two body problem and perturbations models. An algorithm based on the IRI model and thin layer model is used to simulate the ionospheric delay of the GPS signal. The error models of observation, multipath, relativity and antenna phase center bias are also researched. Under the consideration of the autocorrelation of the electronical measurements, the autoregressive model of time series is introduced into the noise models.

在信号仿真中，研究了利用二体运动和摄动法计算LEO卫星至GPS卫星星座的几何距离的问题；在信号的误差模型中，研究了电离层时延的IRI2001模型和单层投影模型；讨论了观测误差、多径效应、相对论效应和天线相位中心偏移的误差模型；结合电子测量噪声的具有自相关特性的经验，研究了观测误差的AR模型；结合实测数据分析，讨论了接收机钟差和卫星钟差的误差建模问题。

Theoretical calculation shows the anomaly of reservoir tidal gravity is measured at μGal level, while the measured data shows the observation error of such tidal gravity at 10-μGal level. This indicates that the data noise may well disguise real anomalies, and therefore that the lack of measured anomaly data does not necessarily equate to the lack of oil and gas reservoir underneath. The actual observed tidal gravity anomaly can reach tens of μGal. Though it is more than three times the observation error, we can not attribute it to the reservoir-induced tidal gravity anomaly.

理论计算表明，油藏潮汐重力异常在微伽量级，而实际资料表明潮汐重力的观测误差为10 μGal量级，油藏潮汐重力异常可能会被噪声淹没，所以没有观测到潮汐重力异常不等于地下没有油气；实际观测的潮汐重力异常可达数十μGal，即使超过观测误差的3倍，也不能将它直接归因于油藏产生的潮汐重力异常。

According to the observation experiment at the Jiufeng station where there is smaller environment noise, the conclusions are drawn as follows.In the normal atmosphere, the observed value is about 500×10-5ms-2, which is greater than theoretical value about 30×10-5ms-2, and if in the low vacuum, the observational error about 2.3×10-5ms-2 is generated. The vacuum maintaining system in falling room can not work normally, which will yield 0.1~4.1×10-5ms-2 error to the gravimetric observation. In the case of that the measurement is in the stable geological conditions and the smaller environment noise, the action of vibration isolating spring is not obvious, but it yields greater effects on measurement accuracy.

通过在环境干扰较小的九峰站观测实验，得到如下结论：在正常大气压状态下所观测到的空气阻力影响约500×10-5ms-2，比理论估算值大近30×10-5ms-2，若在低真空状态测量空气阻力也将产生2.3×10-5ms-2观测误差；落体室真空度维持系统工作不正常，空气阻力也将对重力观测造成0.1~4.1×10-5ms-2的观测误差；在地质条件比较稳定，环境震动干扰较小的基墩上测量，隔震弹簧的作用对观测结果影响不明显，但对测量精度影响较大。

The error is mainly the system error of the experiment, and the velocity measurement error is the identification of the first arrival of the primary wave and the attenuation measurement is the coupling between the sample and transducer.

对误差分析表明，本文研究中的误差主要来自于实验系统误差，其中速度观测误差来自于对首波初至点的确定，声衰减观测的误差来源于探头与样品之间的耦合状况。

Structure of Managerial Compensation and Dispersion of Firm Value;2. It is considered that the errors compose of the true value error,systematic error and dispersion .

对煤炭资源勘查资源量与客观物质量之间差值的误差理论探讨，提出误差由真值误差、系统误差和离差3个基本部分组成，其中真值误差是不可消除的观测误差、系统误差是控制网度所决定的准确度标准、而离差是由地质构造及矿床形态的多解性产生的资源量波动。

Using winter-time observations,we obtain the fine features of surface tidal current in the Dongshan-Longhai coast area.The tidal current characters are consitent with previous results.

对以往雷达反演海流的比测验证进行总结并发现，雷达海流的观测误差在7-20cm/s之间，误差主要来源不仅来自仪器自身的观测误差，同时也与雷达和比测仪器观测目标之间的差异有关。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。