观测的

As one of the most often used mountings, the altazimuth mounting satellite tracker has a blind area near the zenith because of the very high azimuth angular velocity, as a result, discontinuous observing data are caused. As for those fast flying satellites, this kind of blind area is very significant because it causes difficulties in precisely determining the satellites' orbits.

作为最常用的一种机架，采用地平式机架的人卫跟踪仪在观测天顶附近区域的目标时，由于方位转速过大而不能连续观测，存在一个固有的天顶盲区，特别是对飞行速度较快的近地卫星，这个盲区的影响是相当大的。

Through simple Gaussian line fits, we found not only obvious Fe K line variability with no significant difference in the X-ray continuum flux between two ASCA observations which were separated by～440 days, but also rapid variabilities of Fe K line on time scales～10〓s within the second observation.

使用简单的高斯线拟合我们发现，在间隔440天左右的两次ASCA观测之间，NGC 4051的铁Kα荧光线轮廓和强度有着明显变化，而与此同时X射线连续谱流量保持不变；不仅如此，我们发现在第二次ASCA的观测过程中，NGC 4051的铁Kα荧光线有着10〓s尺度上的快速变化。

The text analyses GPS observation model, the characteristic of kinds of errors fountain and the adopting measures in the observation, and processes the thorough research to Bernese GPS Software Ms-Windows Version 4.2. It makes the most stable satellites as the main error. The differential way adopts non-differential way and double differential way. The positioning precision of the single point is decimeter level. RMS is within 0.01~0.02; If the ambiguity right and without week skip, the observation datum of a EPOCH-BY-EPOCH can make the short base line（S0km）positioning precision reach centimeter level.

本文分析了GPS的观测模型、观测量中各种误差源的特点及应采取的措施，并对Bernese GPS Software Ms-Windows Version 4.2 软件进行了深入的研究，它是以最稳定的卫星作为主差，采用非差和双差两种差分方法，单点定位精度在分米级，RMS能在0.01~0.02以内；在模糊度已求解正确条件下，若没有周跳，一个历元的观测数据就可以使短基线（S0km）定位精度达到厘米级。

To find a right method for systematizing a great number of lightning data , this paper analyzes 40 893 lightning data obtained on two lines in one year.

为解决目前大量的雷电观测数据没有在防雷工作中得到很好的利用，需寻找合适方法对其进行全面整理的问题，利用已在诸多行业包括电力行业中得到应用的数据挖掘技术分析处理了某地区两条线路上一年观测所获得的40893条雷电数据。

Finally,this paper overviews the difficulties in the observation and research on subsurface fluid and geochemical change taken as some earthquake precursors and proposes the earthquake prediction effort to overcome these difficults,such as adopting a multistage,multisite and multidisciplinary approach;using sensitive telemetered instruments of good long term stability and fine time resolution;developing sufficiently realistic geophysieal and geochemical models;using appropriate statistical methods.

同时指出了对地下流体和地球化学作为地震前兆来观测研究的困难所在以及为了克服这些困难而应该采取的地震前兆观测研究的方向，例如多种手段和多种原理方法，开发有效的地球物理和地球化学模型以及适当的数据分析统计方法等。

The result show there weren't M6.0 earthquakes beyond 4 years and M5.0 earthquakes beyond 2 year, the earthquake calmness is distinct in medium term; the M5.0 earthquakes intensified in short term, there were foreshocks in the epicenter region, in the same time, the fixed point precursor observational datum of Xinjiang appeared obvious short anomalies; and found a few imminent earthquak...

结果认为，6.8级地震前新疆6级地震平静4年多，5级地震平静2年，中期阶段地震平静显著；短期阶段5级地震显著增强，震源区出现前震活动，同时全疆定点前兆观测资料出现较为明显的短期异常并观测到少量的临震异常。不同孕震时段的异常特征是6.8级地震中短期预测的依据，因而也是当前经验预报的基础。

By the modem time series analysis method, based on the ARMA innovation model, under the linear minimum variance optimal information fusion criterion, three distributed fusion steady-state optimal Kalman filters, predictors and smoothers weighted by matrices, scalars, and diagonal matrices are presented for multisensor systems with correlated input and observation noises, and with correlated observation noises. The Lyapunov equations and formulas of computing local filtering, predicting and smoothing error variances and covariances are given, which are applied to compute optimal weights. The corresponding three distributed fusion Wiener state estimators are also presented.

应用现代时间序列分析方法，基于自回归滑动平均新息模型，在线性最小方差最优信息融合准则下，对于带相关输入噪声和观测噪声和带相关的观测噪声的多传感器系统，提出了按矩阵加权、按标量加权和按对角阵加权的三种分布式融合稳态Kalman滤波器、预报器和平滑器，其中提出了局部滤波、预报和平滑估值误差方差阵和协方差阵的Lyapunov方程和计算公式，它们被用于计算最优加权，也提出了相应的三种分布式融合Wiener状念估值器。

In order to solve the problem,an exponential expression similar to that of the electromagnetic wave propagation loss is used to describe change of observation weight with distance,and the standard statistics retrieval algorithm is used to test the effect of retrieval speed and precision caused by different observation weight.

赵小峰 解放军理工大学气象学院，南京 211101提出采用一种与电磁波传播损耗相类似的指数衰减形式来描绘观测值权重随距离的变化，结合标准的统计反演算法来测试不同的观测值权值对反演速度与精度的影响。

Modern and practical astronomy was developed in the 18th century, and successively from the theoretical and practical solution to the Sino-satellite instrument measuring time, too Seoul Scott multi-satellite measurements such as latitude, as well as simultaneous determination of longitude and latitude Supreme Court means the emergence of theodolite, contour instrument, the satellite instrument, zenith instrument, photographic zenith tube, sextant and other useful astronomical instruments, the most commonly used is the optical theodolite .20 century, all-round practical field of astronomy 60 years after the emergence of new technologies, such as satellite Dhoop Le observation and satellite laser ranging, not only the accuracy of more than optical observations, but also greatly improved operating speed, and can provide direct point of geocentric coordinates of the ground.

现代实用天文学是18世纪发展起来的，先后从理论和实践上解决了中星仪测时、太尔各特测纬以及多星等高法同时测定经度和纬度的方法，出现了经纬仪、等高仪、中星仪、天顶仪、照相天顶筒、六分仪等实用天文学仪器，最常用的是光学全能经纬仪。20世纪60年代以后实用天文学领域出现了崭新的技术，如人造卫星多普勒观测和人卫激光测距，不但精度超过光学观测，而且作业速度大大提高，并能直接提供地面点的地心坐标。

This project aims to construct new threedimensional structures of the Earth's interior in different scales.

20世纪末，空间对地观测技术的发展，获得了地球表面清晰的图像，使人们可以实时地观测地球水圈和大气圈的结构、状态和运动过程，及其与生物圈的相互作用，这是地球系统科学革命性的进展。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！