观测的

After getting these four line-of-sight vectors, we inverse these data in special observation coordinate based on space analytical geometry, then we can get the vector that has three components on every coordinate, this vector will be treated as the total wind profile in the three-dimensional observation field, the result of this four-point method can basically reflect all the spatial and temporal variation of the atmospheric wind.

在得到视线方向风速矢量后，从选定的三维观测坐标系对这四个矢量进行空间解析几何的运算，可得到观测坐标系的各坐标轴上四个测量矢量的各坐标分量的标量和。从而以这个在三个坐标轴上都有分量的矢量作为在观测视场内的总的风场的风速矢量。

In the algorithm, the conditional linear state equation is first inserted into the measurement equation, which fuses the linear state process noise and the original measurement noise, whereafter the GHF is used to estimate the nonlinear states. Then the estimated means of the nonlinear states are inserted into the linear state equation and the original measurement equation to estimate the linear states by the KF. Moreover, in order to improve the accuracy of the estimates, the estimated variances of the nonlinear states are fed back to modify the estimations of the linear states using the KF.

算法将模型中的条件线性状态方程代入观测方程，并融合线性状态的过程噪声和观测噪声，由GHF获得非线性状态的估计；再将非线性状态的估计均值代入线性状态方程与观测方程，由KF获得线性状态的估计；获得的非线性状态估计方差还用于修正由KF估计的线性状态，以提高精度。

By a series field observation data, an empirical equation of mean velocity of viscous debris flow was got. The velocity calculated by the asymmetric coefficients, bottom slope and hydraulic radius of flow. It is good at both high resistance and low resistance area of debris flows. It is good consistent for the measuring velocity of otherwise field observation data of debris flow and viscous mudflow by this empirical equation.

由一系列野外观测资料得到的由泥石流不均匀系数、泥石流运动底部纵比降和水力半径计算的粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式，能适应各种类型的泥石流沟，与其它系列的观测资料对比有很好的一致性，与粘性泥流的观测资料对比也很接近。

The relationship between barotropic tidal currents and sea level were established for the first 45-day period using the transfer functions and harmonic analysis, and then carry the prediction for the second 45-day period. There is very good agreement between the observed and predicted semidiurnal tidal current, the rms error is less than 3 cm s-1. However, prediction on diurnal tidal current is rather disappointing, the rms error is about 19 cm s-1, suggesting strong baroclinic tidal component may have a significant contribution to the tidal current, which is not registered in the sea level records.

利用转换函数与调和分析两种方法，验证水位预报正压潮流的可行性，将观测资料分为等长的两段时期，藉由第一段时期约45天的正压潮流与水位的关系，预报下一段时期约45天的正压潮流，结果显示半日潮流的观测值与预报值大致符合，其均方根约在3公分/秒以下；但是全日潮流的观测值与预报值的差异大，其均方根最大可达到约19公分/秒，推测其原因为斜压潮分量大而影响潮流，但是不会对水位资料造成影响。

We figure out the telescope mount parameters by observing stars with CCD, and establish a measurement system, including CCD and image acquisition card to collect stars'image data, time and frequency system (made up of high accuracy counter, the GPS second signal and 10MHz frequency standard), the observing software in VC++6.0 for collecting and processing star image and the image processing software programmed with MATLAB.

建立了一套用于测定望远镜机架指向误差模型参数的系统，包括：CCD 及图像卡等硬件系统用于采集恒星图像数据；使用高精度的计数器、GPS 提供的秒信号和标准10MHz信号开发了用于观测软件的时间频率系统；使用VC++6.0 编制了包括用于计算恒星位置及图像采集和处理的观测程序，并用MATLAB编制了用于处理观测数据的程序。

The method does not depend on strict local parameters and precise instruments, while the observational principle is relatively simple. An experimental observation was carried out with a simple telescope with large field of view at Xinglong station of NAOC at the end of 2007. The atmospheric refraction from the zenith distance of 44.8 degree to 87.5 degree is gotten by the differential method, which proves the feasibility of the method tentatively.

该方法不依赖于严格的地方参数和复杂精密的观测仪器，并且观测原理相对简单。2007年底，利用一台简易的大视场望远镜在兴隆观测站进行了试验观测，根据较差方法实测得到真天顶距44.8°至87.5°的大气折射值，初步证明了大气折射较差测量方法的可行性。

By comparison between SMM HXRBS observation and ground observation of Hα and CaIIK lines, especially through the combined study between SMM HXRBS observation and chromospheric flare models, the results show that: in the initial stage of impulsive phase, there is a correlative relation betweem Hα line intensity and hard X-ray emission; different spike in hard X-ray flux curve represents the burst at different location; the energy taken by non-thermal electron beam is larger than the radiative loss in chromosphere; for the flare studied here, the chromospheric evapporation is explosive; if the chromosphere is in balance between electron beam bombardment and radiative loss, the column mass density at the top of chromospheric flare model can not be taken as measure from the source of electrons and then the total material between the source of electrons and the top of chromosphere can be estimated.

通过一个具体耀斑的SMM HXRBS观测结果与同时基于地面得到的Hα和CaⅡK可见光谱观测结果对比，特别是将硬x谱观测结果与色球半经验模型联立研究，结果显示出：在脉冲相上升段，硬x发射与Hα辐射之间存在对应关系；硬x线光变曲线中不同脉冲爆发分量不太可能起源于同一位置；硬x辐射所反映的高能非热电子总携带能量大于色球总辐射损失；对所研究的耀斑而言，其色球蒸发过程是爆发性的；在详细比较了非热电子色球总沉积和色球辐射损失的基础上，指出半经验模型中色球顶部柱数密度不能看成是从非热电子源度量的，从而估计了色球顶部到非热电子源之间的总物质。

This paper discusses some application cases of the error propagation law by the examples of trigonometrical survey, and presents that not only sum function and numeral multipling function in which there is only one independent observed value but also more complex functions which are equal in mathematics are not opposite in the process of error propagation according to the error propagation law.

1引言本文以三角测量为例，对误差传播定律一些应用问题进行了讨论，指出当只有一个独立的观测值时，和函数与倍数函数运用误差传播定律不会出现悖论；如果在测量工作中有多余的直接观测值，就需用平差后的间接观测值按协方差传播律来计算，这样数学中相等的函数关系才能得到同样的函

Presently, the reading work of the dial indicator in our country still adopts the manual method. This method is restricted by such subjective factors as observing angel and distance as well as fatigue strength and so on, which results in not only large error and low reliability but also low efficiency and great labor costs.

目前国内对这类仪表的判读工作主要是采用人工观测仪表表盘指针来读数的方法，这种方法受人的主观因素如人的观测角度、观测距离及疲劳强度等的影响，误差较大，可靠性不高，且工作效率低，劳动强度大。

In the "indirect" process, first observed in neutral kaon particles in 1964, quantum mechanics allows particles to change into their antiparticles and back again in a process known as "mixing". In 2001, The BaBar team, working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator -- and independently the Belle collaboration at the KEK laboratory in Japan -- were the first experiments to detect this in a B meson. BaBar observed "direct" CP violation in 2004 by showing that the number of decays observed for B mesons was higher than for their antiparticle equivalents.

在&间接&过程中，量子力学允许粒子在一种被称为&混合&的过程中，在自身与其反粒子之间相互转变。1964年人们第一次在中性K介子上观测到这种现象。2001年，在斯坦福直线加速器中心工作的BaBar研究组和另一个日本高能加速器研究中心的Belle研究小组各自独立地第一次在实验中观测到这种现象发生在B介子上。2004年，BaBar小组观测到了&直接&电荷宇称不守恒，他们发现观察到的B介子的衰变数量要高于其对应的反物质。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！