观测的

Study on application and simulation of Kalman filter technology in SINS Because Kalman filter some merits, such as provided a fast and accurate method for SINS, adopting it to do initial alignment in this paper. The Kalman filter theory is introduced and the dynamic error vector equation of the initial alignment is derived at the first. Using velocity error as exterior value of observation, maneuverable characteristic that is influenced with system's observability and its degree is studied at length by do amount of simulations and experiences.

首先介绍了卡尔曼滤波理论及相关技术，建立了系统卡尔曼滤波的状态方程和观测方程；首先采用速度误差作为观测值，详尽的研究了系统机动特性对可观测性和可观测度的影响，并做了大量仿真实验：通过对滤波原理的分析研究了影响的原因；分别选用加速度计输出误差和转台输出姿态角误差作为外部观测值，推导建立它们的观测模型，并通过仿真证明了分析结论的正确性。

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

In this paper, a strong squall line process occurred in Shaanxi Province on May 30, 2005 is analyzed using some related weather data, satellite cloud photographs and weather radar data.

利用常规天气观测资料、自动站气象观测资料、卫星云图以及天气雷达观测资料，对2005年5月30日发生在陕西省境内的飑线过程进行分析。

According to the observation experiment at the Jiufeng station where there is smaller environment noise, the conclusions are drawn as follows.In the normal atmosphere, the observed value is about 500×10-5ms-2, which is greater than theoretical value about 30×10-5ms-2, and if in the low vacuum, the observational error about 2.3×10-5ms-2 is generated. The vacuum maintaining system in falling room can not work normally, which will yield 0.1~4.1×10-5ms-2 error to the gravimetric observation. In the case of that the measurement is in the stable geological conditions and the smaller environment noise, the action of vibration isolating spring is not obvious, but it yields greater effects on measurement accuracy.

通过在环境干扰较小的九峰站观测实验，得到如下结论：在正常大气压状态下所观测到的空气阻力影响约500×10-5ms-2，比理论估算值大近30×10-5ms-2，若在低真空状态测量空气阻力也将产生2.3×10-5ms-2观测误差；落体室真空度维持系统工作不正常，空气阻力也将对重力观测造成0.1~4.1×10-5ms-2的观测误差；在地质条件比较稳定，环境震动干扰较小的基墩上测量，隔震弹簧的作用对观测结果影响不明显，但对测量精度影响较大。

Mix distribution hypnoses assume that the asset price movement and the trading volume are both determined by an unobservable flow of information; different pieces of information flowing into the security market will cause movements of both the trading volume and the price.

结果发现，与成熟的股票市场相比，中国股票价格波动的非对称性较弱，这可能是由于中国股票市场的特殊结构与贷款利率缺乏刚性所造成的。3，混合分布假说认为金融资产的收益和交易量是由一个潜在的不可观测的信息流变量共同决定的，信息流的冲击将同时产生收益和交易量的变动，即信息流是混合变量，日交易次数或交易量可以作为信息流的替代指标，所以交易量能够很好的解释价格波动性。

Transmissions at 0.75 and 1.65 μm can also be used to retrieve τ and re. 2. Study the impact of cloud inhomogeneity on the satellite retrieval simultaneously. Two 3D cloud fields, cumulus and stratocumulus fields are used in our study. The two cloud fields are generated with LES model and are adopted by the I3RC phase II. The BRDF at the wavelengths of 0.65 and 2.13 μm are calculated with SHDOM, and then the cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius are simultaneously retrieved using the MODIS algorithm. We studied the impact of cloud inhomogeneity on the satellite retrieval at high and medium resolutions. Some conclusions have been made, such as the BRDF abnormal phenomenon, the reverse relationship between τ and re, the clustering effect of over and under estimation in the retrieval of τ and re .

我们选用为I3RC所采用的由LES模式给出的具有明确物理属性的两个高分辨率三维云场－积云场与层积云场，利用SHDOM三维辐射传输模式来模拟卫星观测的辐射值，并采用MODIS算法进行反演，同时研究了在高分辨云场及中低分辨率云场下，云的非均匀性对反演云光学厚度及有效粒子半径的影响，并得到了云的非均匀性会造成的双向反射率异常，反演结果中光学厚度与有效粒子半径的负相关关系，高估或低估现象是成&簇&出现的等结论。

We find that model LBGs can have the same Two Point Correlation Funtion over the range of observable separations even though the cosmology and/or galaxy formation model are different. Moreover, with similar galaxy formation models, different cosmologies can result in both the same TPCF and the same PVD.

进而发现：(1)即使宇宙学和星系形成模型均不同，模型Lyman Break星系在可观测的尺度上也可以表现出一样的两点相关函数；(2)另外，不同的宇宙学模型可以预言相同的TPCF和PVD；(3)然而，不同的星系形成模型即使保持TPCF一样，也将预言截然不同的PVD。

Throughout comparing the above estimating methods, we have the following results: the estimators of the moments of the errors does not depend on the random effects, and that of the random effects does not depend on the errors, and then the corresponding asymptotic variances are very simple and optimal; when the random effects are multivariate, we can not construct different estimating equations for the random effects and errors respectively, which results that the asymptotic covariances of estimation are very complex and then the estimating efficiency is bad.

比较上述两种估计法，我们发现：当随机效应是一维的时侯，误差的各阶矩的估计不依赖不可观测的随机效应，随机效应的估计也不依赖误差，因此，估计的渐近方差结构特别简单也是最优的；而当随机效应是多维的，因为随机效应的协变量的影响，我们没有办法针对随机效应和误差的各阶矩分别建立估计方程，这导致所得的估计的渐近方差或者协方差矩阵特别复杂，从而估计的效果不是很好。

Since there are some disadvantages, such as magnitudes, reference systems and difficulties in observing an asteroid during its motion in its whole orbit, etc., when the asteroid is observed simply by means of the meridian or photograph methods, a new method for observing asteroids with a lower latitude meridian circle and a CCD measuring device is proposed according to the conditions of the geographic latitude of the Yunnan Observatory which can be used to observe the whole orbit of an asteroid.

考虑到单纯用子午方法或照相方法对小行星进行观测存在着因星等、定标星系统，以及难于在小行星运行全轨道上进行观测等方面的不利因素，在本文中，根据云南天文台能观测小行星全轨道的地理纬度条件，提出利用低纬子午环与CCD测量装置相配合，并利用低纬子午环直接提供的定标星，在一个统一的基本仪器系统中，通过对小行星在全轨道上均匀分布的观测，获得高精度的小行星观测资料，以便得到更准确的星表零点改正。

Flamsteed was not well disposed towards Newton particularly since he felt that Newton had not given sufficient credit to observations made by the Royal Observatory in his theory of the moon. Halley's close association with Newton lowered him still further in Flamsteed's eyes. However, the argument that Flamsteed used against Halley was one which he undoubtedly believed in sincerely, writing to Oxford that Halley would

Flamsteed对牛顿不怎么感冒，主要是因为牛顿在他的月亮学说中对于皇家天文台对于月亮的观测的贡献没给肯定，Halley和牛顿关系紧密更使得Flamsteed看不起他，不管怎么说，Flamsteed用于反对Halley的理由是他自己确信不移的，写给牛津的中说， Hallry会

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。