观测的

We have made some improvements on our existing models. We simulated more realistic absorption lines by considering signal to noise ratios and other instrumental effects. The models were also applied to metal absorption line systems.

我们在已有的模型的基础上进行改进，考虑了观测中的仪器展宽以及噪声的影响，模拟观测的吸收线轮廓能与观测更好地进行比较，模型已经运用到各种金属吸收线系统中。

Theoretical calculation shows the anomaly of reservoir tidal gravity is measured at μGal level, while the measured data shows the observation error of such tidal gravity at 10-μGal level. This indicates that the data noise may well disguise real anomalies, and therefore that the lack of measured anomaly data does not necessarily equate to the lack of oil and gas reservoir underneath. The actual observed tidal gravity anomaly can reach tens of μGal. Though it is more than three times the observation error, we can not attribute it to the reservoir-induced tidal gravity anomaly.

理论计算表明，油藏潮汐重力异常在微伽量级，而实际资料表明潮汐重力的观测误差为10 μGal量级，油藏潮汐重力异常可能会被噪声淹没，所以没有观测到潮汐重力异常不等于地下没有油气；实际观测的潮汐重力异常可达数十μGal，即使超过观测误差的3倍，也不能将它直接归因于油藏产生的潮汐重力异常。

This doctoral dissertation is composed of several parts: At beginning, the frontal structure, the effects of diabatic heating and orography, the dynamics of frontal circulation and the mesoscale systems associated with front are reviewed. Several problems based on the review are brought forward. First, at present, the semigeostrophic frontogenesis theory is the most appropriate basic framework for the general explanation of the frontogenetic process. However, the comparison between semigeostrophic theory and the observation have revealed some inconsistencies. The newly observational facts increase the inconsistencies.

本博士论文主要由如下几部分组成，首先对锋面结构、地形和非绝热加热对锋的影响、锋生环流及锋面附近中尺度系统动力学问题的历史与现状进行了综述，在此基础上提出需要进行研究的若干问题：(1)、半地转锋生理论直到今天仍是解释锋生过程的最合适的理论框架，但是通过与观测事实比较，人们发现半地转理论不能对许多锋面观测特征给出令人满意的回答，新的观测事实使问题更加突出，这就向人们提出：是什么原因导致半地转理论与实际观测的不符？

Ensure a more integrated approach to observation across networks such as those of WMO's WWW, GAW and hydrology and those co-sponsored by WMO such as the Global Climate Observing System; and across disciplines including terrestrial and oceanic, with emphasis on satellite observations

对于跨网络的观测，例如WMO的WWW，GAW和水文网以及象全球气候观测系统这样的WMO合作主持的项目，以及包括陆地和海洋重点放在卫星观测的跨学科的观测，使用更为综合的方法

The specific content of man-made earth satellite motion theory, power of observation and owned satellite operator, observation equipment and the establishment of such a number of observation points the content of .20 century, 60-70 years, have been used as a weather observation satellite launched high-altitude balloon, as the satellite observed the law of geometric measurement objectives of the United States launched TRANSIT .80 era satellites, it has several flights along different directions through the ring of satellites to address at any time, there will be a satellite-observable problems.

具体的研究内容有人造地球卫星运动理论、动力式卫星的观测及归算、观测仪器和观测点的设立等多项内容。20世纪60—70年代，曾用为气象观测发射的高空气球卫星，作为卫星几何测地法的观测目标。80年代美国发射子午仪卫星，它有几个沿不同经圈方向飞行的卫星，以解决任何时候都会有一颗卫星可观测的问题。

Because there were many occasional species in the desert and the distribution of many species were dependent largely on the habitat, the paper concluded that neither the methods of sampling line and nest method for all species nor the sampling method of the pattern of plum blossom quadrat for the herbaceous species could be suitable for observation in the desert.

由于沙漠物种偶见种多，频度和密度较低，并且分布的环境特异性强，认为对沙漠植物群落观测，样线法、巢式样方法以及对草本观测的梅花样方法均具有一定局限性，建议对草本和灌木物种多样性观测，在确定合理的布样方向基础上，以4m 4m为基本样方。

Data from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on board the European research satellite,Environmental Satellite is used to analyze the event,and comparison with the NCEP temperature data and ozone sonde measurement.The results show that difference between MIPAS data and NCEP or ozone sonde measurement is small.

选取了搭载在欧洲环境探测卫星ENVISAT上的对地遥感观测仪器麦克耳逊干涉被动大气探测仪的观测数据，首先利用臭氧探空资料和再分析气象资料对MIPAS观测的臭氧和温度廓线资料进行了对比验证；其次使用该资料对此次SSW过程进行了研究。

"As mentioned by Bak in this debate, the SOC hypothesis has been suggested, on the one hand, on the basis of the observation of power law distributions, such as the Gutenberg-Richter law for earthquakes and the fault length distribution, and of the fractal geometry of sets of earthquake epicenters and of fault patterns, and on the other hand on the study of highly simplified models with somewhat similar scale-invariant properties."

&如同Bak在这场辩论中已提到的那样，一方面，在对动力法则分布进行观测的基础上，如用于地震和断层长度分布的Gutenberg-Richter定律，以及对震中的破裂几何学内容的观测和对断层图案的观测，以及另一方面对带有某种程度类似标度不变性质高度简单的模型的观测基础上，提出了SOC〔'自组成危险性'〕假说。&

Using the relative reflection as weighting factor, the weighted mean of the surface albedo over Dunhuang Gobi in typical arid region is calculated and its values are 0.255 ± 0.021. After canceling the interference of the buildings, the mean values of the roughness length averaged with logarithm is 0.0019 ± 0.00071 m. After removing the influence of the oasis, the soil wetness factor computed with data under condition of no precipitation is 0.0045. After removing the influence of the precipitation .the mean values of the soil heat capacity over Dunhuang Gobi in typical ac-id region is 112 × 10 ~6 m~(-3)K~(-1), a bit smaller than the values observed i n HEIFE. But the soil heat diffusivity and conductivity are about one of those observed in HEIFE. The soil water content over Dunhuang Gobi in typical synoptic condition is very little and does not exceed 1% basically.

并且利用相对反射为权重加权平均，计算得到典型干旱区敦煌荒漠戈壁的平均反射率为0.255±0.021；剔除建筑物干扰后，利用对数平均法计算的粗糙度长度平均值为0，0019±0.00071 m；剔除绿洲影响后，用无降水影响的资料确定出土壤湿度影响因子为0.0045；剔除降水影响后，用观测资料计算的敦煌典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的热容量平均值为1.12×10~6m~（－3）K~（－1），比&黑河试验&在戈壁和在其它沙漠观测的有关值略小一些，但热扩散率和热传导率都比&黑河试验&在戈壁观测的值小一倍左右；观测的敦煌戈壁典型天气条件下的土壤含水量非常小，基本上不超过1％。

The research results show that the spectral variation of visible radiation from the target observed by the synchronous satellite is the same as that of the direct sunlight radiation, the spectral radiant flux of the target observed by the low orbit satellite is three orders higher than that observed by the synchronous satellite in magnitude, and the spectral radiant flux of the target observed by the midorbit satellite is one order higher than that observed by the synchronous satellite in magnitude.

研究结果表明：在可见光波段，目标对同步卫星辐射的光谱变化规律与太阳直射辐射的光谱变化一致，低轨卫星上观测目标的光谱辐射热流比同步卫星上观测的结果大3个数量级，中轨卫星上观测目标的光谱辐射热流比同步卫星上观测的结果大1个数量级。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。