观测

Before preloading, a lot of extensometers, inclinometers, piezometer tips and settlement plates were installed. The deformation and pore pressure of ground were observed during preloading; Three years'creep settlements were monitored under the maximum preloading load so as to provide the field data for the new model.

预压前在地基中埋设了沉降标、深层沉降管、测斜管、孔隙水压力计等土工观测仪器，堆土预压过程中对地基的变形和孔隙水压力进行全面观测，以及预压后长达3年的流变观测，为模型的工程验证提供了实测资料。

Eventually, propinquity of spacecraft to the Sun plus improvements of space solar telescopes in spatial, temporal and frequency domains may allow such space solar telescopes to take over completely, perhaps adding to observations of distant stellar coronas to explain the coronal-heating problem.

最终，太阳观测卫星直接抵近观测并且会有先进的空间望远镜加入这个队伍，以后空间太阳望远镜将完全承担任务，然而对远距离星体日冕的观测同样也能解释日冕加热的问题。

Because there were many occasional species in the desert and the distribution of many species were dependent largely on the habitat, the paper concluded that neither the methods of sampling line and nest method for all species nor the sampling method of the pattern of plum blossom quadrat for the herbaceous species could be suitable for observation in the desert.

由于沙漠物种偶见种多，频度和密度较低，并且分布的环境特异性强，认为对沙漠植物群落观测，样线法、巢式样方法以及对草本观测的梅花样方法均具有一定局限性，建议对草本和灌木物种多样性观测，在确定合理的布样方向基础上，以4m 4m为基本样方。

There are three kinds of observation data: remote sensing observation data, radiosonde report and surface observation data.

目前，中尺度数值模式中用到的观测资料包括：遥感观测资料以及常规探空和地面观测(地面观测站与地面自动站)资料等。

Based on Pseudo-linearization and least square methods, the bearings-only target motion problem was studied under the conditions that the target takes uniform rectilinear motion in 2-dimensional space, the single observer takes uniform rectilinear motion first, and then takes rectilinear motion with constant acceleration. The necessary and sufficient observable conditions, some unobservable conditions are gained.

基于拟线性处理和最小二乘方法，在目标作匀速直线运动，单观测站作匀速直线运动，进而作匀加速直线运动的机动情形下，研究了二维纯方位系统的可观测性，得到了系统可观测性的充要条件以及系统的某些不可观测的条件。

In adjustment calculation of highway control survey, field observation values must be changed onto reference ellipsoid and then onto Gauss projection plane, at last the control network would be adjusted in this plane.

在公路控制测量的平差计算中，须将外业观测值化算为参考椭球面上的观测值，然后再化算为高斯平面上的观测值，并在高斯平面上进行控制网的平差计算。

In order to prove the accuracy of GPS observation, water vapor radiometers were used to observe together with GPS. Comparison between WVR and GPS observations at different sites and times shows that rootmeansquare error is less than 4 mm. Therefore, the slant path water vapor amount can be accurately retrieved using this method, which is suited for nearly realtime remote sensing and detection of the atmosphere.

为验证GPS观测结果精度，用微波辐射计与GPS一起进行了联合观测，不同观测地点和时间的对比结果表明，二者rootmeansquare误差小于4mm，证明应用此种方法地基GPS可较精确地反演出倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量，而且这种反演方法适合于近实时大气遥感探测。

Nowadays, the Eddy Covariance system and the Large Aperture Scintillometer are the main instruments measuring surface fluxes. The former is point observation and can observe hundreds of meters and the latter can observe area average fluxes in the scale of hundreds of meters to ten kilometers.

目前应用较为广泛的通量测量技术有涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪，前者是单点观测，观测范围通常只有几百米；后者近年来得到长足的发展，可以观测从几百米到十几公里尺度上的区域湍流通量。

The relationship between barotropic tidal currents and sea level were established for the first 45-day period using the transfer functions and harmonic analysis, and then carry the prediction for the second 45-day period. There is very good agreement between the observed and predicted semidiurnal tidal current, the rms error is less than 3 cm s-1. However, prediction on diurnal tidal current is rather disappointing, the rms error is about 19 cm s-1, suggesting strong baroclinic tidal component may have a significant contribution to the tidal current, which is not registered in the sea level records.

利用转换函数与调和分析两种方法，验证水位预报正压潮流的可行性，将观测资料分为等长的两段时期，藉由第一段时期约45天的正压潮流与水位的关系，预报下一段时期约45天的正压潮流，结果显示半日潮流的观测值与预报值大致符合，其均方根约在3公分/秒以下；但是全日潮流的观测值与预报值的差异大，其均方根最大可达到约19公分/秒，推测其原因为斜压潮分量大而影响潮流，但是不会对水位资料造成影响。

We figure out the telescope mount parameters by observing stars with CCD, and establish a measurement system, including CCD and image acquisition card to collect stars'image data, time and frequency system (made up of high accuracy counter, the GPS second signal and 10MHz frequency standard), the observing software in VC++6.0 for collecting and processing star image and the image processing software programmed with MATLAB.

建立了一套用于测定望远镜机架指向误差模型参数的系统，包括：CCD 及图像卡等硬件系统用于采集恒星图像数据；使用高精度的计数器、GPS 提供的秒信号和标准10MHz信号开发了用于观测软件的时间频率系统；使用VC++6.0 编制了包括用于计算恒星位置及图像采集和处理的观测程序，并用MATLAB编制了用于处理观测数据的程序。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。