观念

From May 4th Movement of 1919 to the 1920s, sex love narrations in Chinese novels were rather an enlightenment and liberation in that particular era with four characteristics. Firstly, sexual desire was endowed with rationality with regard to liberation of human nature and mutual love. Secondly, with an epochal concern for a stronger and superior race, greater attention was paid to sexual parties concerned, mainly physically. Thirdly, new ethics on sex were promoted in that personal freedom on sex love was emphasized and sex love became an important way of self-fulfillment. Therefore, independence of sex love was advocated and the scope of sex love was also widened. Fourthly, the sex consciousness of this period had the mixed features of the past and the contemporary. Sex love narrations in the 1930s and 1940s showed a further exploration on the theme of human nature. First of all, sex was restored to a kind of desire. ShenCongwen probed the importance of harmonious sex love to a sound personality and Shi Zhecunrevealed that sexual inhibition could lead to the distortion, even frenzy of human nature. Bothexplored the influence and functions of sexual desire as human nature upon human personality,giving prominence to the irresistibleness of sexual desire and the significance of sexual desire asa motive. Then, human bodies driven by sexual desire were described and given greater attentionto. Next, ethics on sex were deconstructed either by Shen Congwen who opposed man-madeethics with law of nature and the School of New Sensation who replaced traditional ethics on sexwith exchange rules in consumption, or by Shi Zhecun who spared no efforts in representing thecomplete failure of social rules, including ethics on sex, due to the impact from sexual desire.The direct effect was a paleness of the ethical binding force on sex. Last, sex consciousness inthe works of female writers emerged. In the early works of Ding Ling, the sexual desire of thefemale is no longer a ramification of emotion but an independent one. In addition, in the sex lovenarrations of other female writers, such as Mei Niang, strong self-consciousness on the socialstatus of the female is also reflected. Sex love narrations in the late 1970s and early 1980s wereactually a re-enlightenment in the spirit of humanism, whose major features include humanisticlegitimation of sex love within the boundary of ethics, a blend of sex love narrations withnational concepts and national myths as well as the aesthetic, poetic descriptions of humanbodies etc. In the middle and late 1980s, sex love narrations entered a stage of exploration forpluralism. First, by restoration of sexual desire, writers of this era restored human nature, thevery original state of human being. Different emphasis and tendencies could be seen in differentwriters: looking at sex love dialectically and trying to describe its creative as well as destructivecharacteristics; connecting sex love with violence and trying to reveal the evil side of humannature through it; emphasizing the creativeness of sex love especially in the heritage of"wildness".

从"五四"到20世纪20年代，中国小说的性爱叙事是一种处在时代夹缝中的启蒙和解放，其所表现出来的特点，一是正面赋予性欲望以合理性，这种合理性是在人性解放和爱情前提下获得的；二是在强种育种的时代焦虑影响下小说性爱叙事表现出对物质身体的关注，其焦点主要在体格方面；三是树立起新的性伦理道德观念，表现为强调在性爱问题上的个人选择自由，性爱成为个人自我实现的重要方式，从而赋予人在性爱问题上的独立性，同时还扩大了性爱表现的领域；四，这个时期小说性爱叙事中所表现出的性意识还具有新旧杂糅的特点。30、40年代小说性爱叙事表现出对人性主题的深化与丌拓，首先是把性还原为欲望本身来探索，沈从文从和谐性爱对健全人性的决定作用、施蛰存从性压抑会导致人性扭曲甚至疯狂的角度探讨作为人类本质性欲望的性对人性产生的影响和作用，突出了性欲力量的不可抗拒和作为人类行为的重要动力等方面的内容；其次在叙事中表现出对欲望化了的身体的描绘与关注；第三是解构了性的伦理道德，无论是沈从文以自然法则来反对人为的道德设置还是新感觉派用消费交换原则替代传统性伦理道德，或是施蛰存极力表现包括性伦理规范在内的社会法则在性欲力量冲击下溃不成军，其直接的效果都是使性伦理道德对人的约束力量显得苍白虚弱；第四，出现了由女性作家表现的女性性意识，在丁玲的早期作品中女性的性欲望不再是作为感情的衍生物而是独立的欲望存在，而在梅娘等其他女作家的小说性爱叙事中则表现出对女性社会地位的强烈自觉意识。70年代末80年代初期小说的性爱叙事实际上是在人道主义语境下的再次启蒙，其主要特征一是性爱在人道主义前提下获得合法性，但要求性爱不超出伦理规定的范围；再就是将性爱叙事同国家观念和民族神话相融合；此外还有对身体的描写审美化诗意化等。80年代中后期，小说性爱叙事进入了多元化探索的阶段，作家通过还原性欲望来还原人性、还原人类的本真状态，不同作家笔下表现为不同的侧重和倾向——以辨证的方式看待性爱，写出其具有的创造性力量和毁灭性特征；将性爱与暴力相联系并通过其来表现人性的黑暗；强调性爱的创造性作用，尤其在民族"血性"的传承方面。

This may be a sign that the Jamesian conception of the literary muse has begun to yield to a Trollopian conception of literature as a kind of intellectual handicraft; or it may indicate little more than the desperation with which book reviewers seize on any novel adjective.

这可能是詹姆士文学灵感观念开始让位于作为一种智力创作技巧的特罗洛普文学观念的一个信号；或者它也有可能暗示了书评作者们对采用小说修饰语的进一步失望。

Through expounding on Jaques Derrida s differentiation of the "sovereignty" and the " unconditionality ," the thesis explores Derrida s concept of "wholly other" and emphasizes that the understanding of this essential concept is the foundation of endorsement with a Derridean profession of faith or a pledge of allegiance.

文章通过阐发德里达对所谓"主权"和"无条件性"所作的区分，探讨了德里达的"整体性他者"观念，指出理解这一观念是赞同德里达的信仰表白的基础。

It is a key category of Jewish culture and the Hebrew Bible; Meanwhile, it exerts important influences on both the Judaic life style and the Jewish culture.

约观念是犹太文化及希伯来圣经中的核心观念和重要范畴，在犹太文化和希伯来圣经中占据着重要的地位；同时对犹太人的生活方式以及犹太思想文化也产生了深刻的影响。

This world view is called the judeo-christian tradition. that is, the ethical and ordering principles of the jewish and christian faiths.

这种世界观念就是被称作犹太基督的观念，即犹太和基督信仰的民族和有秩序的原则。

Vertical thinking is for using ideas and lateral thinking is for changing them.

纵向思维倾向于利用已有观念而横向思维倾向于改变观念。

The system of casuistry that,in those cases in which expert opinions on ethics are in doubt concerning the licitness of an act,allows an actor to follow the solidly probable opinion that favors the actor's personal liberty even though an opposing opinion, favoring law,may be more probable.

盖然论，或然论一种决疑法，根据这种决疑系统，当关于伦理的权威观念就某一行为的合法性存在疑点的，则允许行为者遵行对其个人自由有利的或然的或可能的观点，尽管有时相反的有利于法律的观念具有更大的或然性

The factor resulted in the differences are various, which involve the notions of litigate value, the notions of power, and the differences of the litigate traditions and the objectives of penalty.

造成这些差异的原因也是多方面的，有诉讼价值观念、权力观念方面的因素，也有诉讼传统、刑罚目的不同的因素。

It is founded upon a particular conception of self-government in which decentralized local responsibility is the very base.

它建构在一个独特的自治观念上，这种观念以分散的地方责任爲基础。

In this part, the author first criticizes the radical idea of IT, and points out that we should transcend the radical idea and look on IT with the attitude of Luddism through the reinterpretation of Luddism in history.

论文的这一部分首先通过对那种"非此即彼"的观念进行了批判，并通过对历史上"勒德主义"所蕴含的意义的重新解读，指出，我们首先应在观念上超越"非此即彼"的两极，应以"勒德式的态度"来看待信息技术。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失