西藏

Tibet has very complex topography and falls into three geographic parts: the northern part of Tibet known as the North-Tibet Plateau, lies between Kunlun Mountain, Tonglha Mountain and Kangdese Mountain, and Nyainqentanglha Mountain;between Kangdese Mountains and Himalayas;the river valleys which the the Yarlung Tsangpo and its anabranch flow by in the southern part of Tibet and lie between the Gangdise and the Himalaya ranges; the eastern part of Tibet belongs to an area of deep gorges where a series of mountain ranges from east to west criss-crossing mountain ranges running from south to north,and is some parts of the Hengduan mountain range.

在西藏的边远山谷中，一辆老式的苏联卡车翻滚到坡底的河边，车里一个已经怀孕了几个月的女人尽然不死，而她腹中的孩子也没死，那个孩子尽然就是我。"——莫毅，这为神交已久而未谋面的艺术家，其作品在许多展览上令我印象深刻，在筹备此展的过程中认识，相聊甚欢。多年藏区生活塑造了一个率直敏锐的性情汉子，这组拍摄于20年前、却完成于今年的作品以严肃的记实性和抒情的叙事片段，融会艺术家近年的实验手段，呈现了对诸如"脆弱"、"意外"、"真实"和"理想"的记忆。因此20年后的莫毅仍然"想念西藏。

Nearly unknown until now are the contacts of the Dalai Lama with the French SS-collaborator , convinced anti-Semite , recognised Orientalist and Kalachakra Tantra Expert Jean Marquès-Rivière (in his absence convicted and given the death sentence for turning Jews over to the Gestapo in France).

帮助谋杀了超过86个犹太人的Beger"作为西藏在上一世纪三十和四十年代的政治独立运动的主要见证人，被西藏流亡政府高度尊敬。"

SHANGHAI — Fresh ethnic violence has erupted in a Tibetan region of southwestern China, with disputed reports of eight people shot dead by the police, and the Chinese government on Friday vowed swift and severe punishment of Tibetans accused of rioting and taking part in last month's antigovernment protests.

来自上海的报道：在中国西南部的西藏爆发最新的种族冲突，根据争议的报道说有8人被警察射杀，中国政府于上周五迅速对在上月的反政府抗议中被逮捕的西藏人进行了严厉的判罚。

Apanage falls in the the Xizang Autonomous Region in, the 11.01 ％ that production value of agriculture of the area austral hill occupies complete municipality (1995), so we chose hill sand of knot of Na Naidong county is resided appoint can choose investigation ground to decide, join the case of the area austral hill at the same time, inspect degree of modernization of research Tibet rural economics and mode.

在西藏自治区下属地中，山南地区农业产值占全自治区的11.01％(1995年)，所以我们选择了山南乃东县结沙居委会为定点调查地，同时结合山南地区的情况，考察研究西藏农村经济现代化程度及模式。

The Tibetan students who study in the Tibetan programs of the mainland must go back to Tibet to work, because all of their tuition and stipends are paid by the government.

在内地读西藏班的西藏学生，必须回西藏工作，因为他们所有的学费、生活费都是国家负担的。

A British attempt in 1904 to establish control over Tibet (in part to pre-empt Russian overtures to the Tibetans) was only partially successful, but served to underline the quasi-independent status Tibet enjoyed in the periods of weak central government.

尽管英国试图在1904年对西藏建立统治（部分在于俄国对西藏的唆使）只在局部上得逞，但是被迫强调为准独立状态，西藏至此便开始了软弱政权的时代。翻完一身汗。。。看来我基本功还不行

This essay firstly summarizes the discoveries of Tibetan rock art and recently studies, which is the groundwork of this paper. Then to define cultural characteristic of the Tibetan rock painting, it analyzes its stereotype, distribution, reserving forms, technique of manufacture and image.

在此基础之上，对涂绘岩画的时代、反映的原始宗教信仰以及区域文化意义等方面进行了初步的探讨，提出涂绘岩画主要是西藏早期金属时代晚期到佛教传入西藏之前的文化遗存，少数可晚至佛教传入西藏之后。

Meanwhile, I notice that most scholars considered the regional characteristic of Tibetan rock art as "Northern China system" rock art. In Tibet, there is 44% of rock painting. On the other sides, the experts didn"t describe about less rock painting in the "Northern China system.

因此，笔者拟在前人研究的基础之上，借助已刊布的相关材料，对西藏地区的涂绘岩画试作一些分析研究，通过对涂绘岩画的观察，为西藏岩画的研究提供一个新的视角和切入点，并由此丰富对西藏高原古代文化的认识。

But Communist land reform and collectivisation left the region in turmoil, and in 1959 the Dalai Lama led an uprising against Chinese rule, despite his initial support for the 1951 accord.

然而共产党的土地改革和集体主义使得西藏地区陷入骚乱，尽管达赖喇嘛最初支持1951年与中国政府签署的和平解放西藏十七条协议，但1959年他还是率领西藏人民起义反对中国政府的统治。

After Curzon and Younghusband, under the camouflage of Trade Agents, British Raj's Tibetan cadres carried through a variety of intrigue movements, including Britain and British Raj's setup of invading Chinese Tibet and the cadre's choice and training; O'connor's movement and influence during the period of assuming Trade Agent Gyantse; Charles Bell and David Macdonald's movement and influence during the period of World War Ⅰ; British "maintaining the Tibetan status quo" policy and "ariming Tibet" policy were carried through at the same time.

主要内容包括：英国与英印政府侵略中国西藏的运行机构及入藏骨干分子的选择与培训；鄂康诺任江孜贸易代办时期的活动和影响；一战期间贝尔与麦克唐纳德的活动与影响；抗日战争前后英帝国&维护西藏现状&政策与&武装西藏&政策并行。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。