西欧

The Renaissance occurring during the Middle Ages (level 1) produced a huge drive enabling western European countries to cast off feudality and adopt capitalism (level 2); while China's market-oriented economic reform (level 4) entails amendment of constitution and acknowledgement and protection of private property rights (level 2), which is the example of lower institution exerting reverse influence on higher institution.

发生在中世纪晚期的文艺复兴（层次1），对西欧各国摆脱封建制度，进入资本主义制度（层次2）产生了巨大的推动作用；而中国面向市场的经济改革（层次4）要求修改宪法，承认和保护私有产权（层次2），则是低层次制度反作用于高层此制度的例子。

Manors are thehangovers of the Occident feudatory system. They incarnate the identity and fortune of the nobleand the squire, and also incarnate the "nobility complex" of the plebs. In the Victorian Age, themanors have become a special fashion in architecture.

庄园是西欧封建领主制经济形态的遗留物，体现了贵族、乡绅阶层对于身份、财富的炫示和民众的"贵族情结"，到维多利亚时代更是形成一种特别的建筑风尚。

In the book both has Russia and the Western Europesignificant historical event records narrates, and has therefore thematter to fictionalize; Both wrote the war, the knife light hasprepared the shade the fight, and has written the easy and comfortabletranquil daily life; Both has fervently discusses the person todiscuss the world, and has exquisitely composed expresses feelingsstates the bosom.

书中既有俄国和西欧重大历史事件的记叙，又有故事情虚构；既写了金戈铁马，刀光备影的战斗，又写了安逸宁静的日常生活；既有慷慨激昂的议人论世，又有细腻婉约的抒情述怀。

But, at that time Western Europe various countries emerging bourgeoisie's cultural revolution movement including a series of significant historical event, what is main:"humanism" starting; To scholastic philosophy and fideism denial; Artistic style renewal; Dialect literature production; Utopian socialism appearance; Modern natural sciences start development; Printing method applications and science and culture knowledge dissemination and so on.

但是，当时西欧各国新兴资产阶级的文化革命运动包括一系列重大的历史事件，其中主要的是："人文主义"的兴起；对经院哲学和僧侣主义的否定；艺术风格的更新；方言文学的产生；空想社会主义的出现；近代自然科学的开始发展；印刷术的应用和科学文化知识的传播等等。

Two-thirds of the atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping greenhouse gas that can persist in the air for centuries, has come in nearly equal proportions from the United States and Western European countries. Those and other wealthy nations are investing in windmill-powered plants that turn seawater to drinking water, in flood barriers and floatable homes, and in grains and soybeans genetically altered to flourish even in a drought

大气中2/3积聚的二氧化碳——一种能在大气中留存几个世纪的滞留热量的温室气体，美国与欧洲更正为西欧）国家差不多各占其一半的排放量，它们与其他富国正投资建设由风力发电设备驱动的将海水淡化为饮用水的工厂，同时还在投资建设防洪堤、水上漂浮住宅、以及能在干旱条件下生长的转基因谷物与大豆。

The Kissing Theology — The Florilegium of Monastic Love Letters In The Middle Ages , The SanLian Bookstore Press 1998,Page4.The pursuance of eternity made numerous believers joined in the monastic movement. The female monastic movement experienced the stages of embryo, development, high tide and falling in the western history. The high peak of the development occurred between 1000 — 1300A.D. in the high middle ages. At that time, the number of the nunneries experienced a inflation stage.

亲吻神学——中世纪修道院情书选》，三联书店1998年版，第4页这种对永恒的追求使众多善男信女纷纷投身到修道行列当中，在西方历史上，女性修道运动经历了一个萌芽、发展、高潮及衰落阶段，其发展的高峰期，约发生于中世纪盛期1000—1300年期间，此时，西欧各地出现了一个修女院数量急剧膨胀的阶段，其规模之大、人数之多及影响之深远是前所未有的。

It was the movements of the civil society of west Europe in the Middle Ages that led to the formation of the rule of law in the West.

西欧中世纪后期市民社会运动，为西方近代法治的确立奠定了基础。

Frankfurt, Germany, is one of the most A.densely populated regions of Western Europe.

德国的法兰克福是西欧人口密度最大的地区之一。

Then there appeared a Frankish doctor who said,"This man had no idea how to cure this person!"

这时来了个西欧医生，说：『这人根本不懂治疗！

Recently there is a trend in Japan to frivolously contrast East and West by merely comparing itself and West Europe.

近来有一种倾向，名曰东西方对比，即把日本与西欧作浮浅比较。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。