西方国家的

In the history of political thought, Bodin is the first to give the conception of state and through his explanation of his theory of sovereignty, he gets the modern abstract conception of state .

在西方政治思想史上，布丹第一次提出了国家主权的概念，并且通过对国家主权的阐述，得出了具有现代意义的抽象的国家概念。

In this way, Bodin explained his theory of state systematically, although his writing style was not very good, there is also some confusion in it .A11 this can"t influence Bodin"s place in the history of modernpolitical thought . It is his theory of state that sets a foundation for the modern theory of state.

这样，布丹就比较系统地阐释了他的国家理论，当然在这部著作中，由于写作风格上的缺陷，不免给人以拖沓冗长之感，而且还有一些混乱之处，但是这些仍然不能影响布丹在西方政治思想史上的地位，应该说他的国家理论为现代国家理论奠定了基础。

Eastwardly planned economy country arrives market economy country of the west, arrive from southern developing country northward developed country, the civilian battalion of state-owned economy is changed undertaking inside different level, limits.

从东方的计划经济国家到西方的市场经济国家，从南方的发展中国家到北方的发达国家，国有经济的民营化都在不同程度、范围内进行着。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，"国家"代替"帝国"，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

The civil servant system, also called civil service in the west countries, is prevalently adopted as a kind of public staff management system.

国家公务员制度，在西方又被称为文官制度，是资本主义国家普遍采用的一种公共人事管理制度。

Until the end of the first world war,the modern state systems of the arab world were gradually completed. despite of the difficulties, the new dependant countries explored different models of development. they shared the same characters, named westernism, statism, external rentierism, which have great impact on the development of the arab world.

一战后，阿拉伯世界的现代国家体系才逐步形成，新独立的阿拉伯国家在面临诸多困难的情况下，探索出了不同的发展模式，这些模式具有西方主义、国家主义、外贷主义等特点，对阿拉伯世界的发展产生了重大影响。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

The second part: It was the main text point, elaborated the formation process of petroleum safety policy in Middle East of the United States, insured the American national security, chastened Soviets petroleum to extend, and guarantied the western allies petroleum to supply safety, which was the United States the outward policy's important and strategic target to the safety policy of petroleum of Middle East particularly. At the foundation that the second part discussed on, the third part talked about the United States building the natural cover that was set up to keep Soviets petroleum influence from going down south, controlled Middle East petroleum resources, maintained the petroleum charter power, insured the western petroleum to supply and transport safety, kept Soviets petroleum from entering Western Europe, chastened "" newcomer"" and carried on the total analysis to the American petroleum of Middle East safety policy's contents and substances from four aspects. The fourth part: carried on the valuation to the safe policy of American petroleum of Middle East fromfour aspects, analyzed its gain and loss.

确保美国国家安全，遏制苏联石油扩张，保障西方盟国石油供给安全，是美国对外政策尤其是对中东石油安全政策的重大战略目标；在第二部分论述的基础之上，第三部分从美国构建阻止苏联石油势力南下的屏障，控制中东石油资源、维持石油特许权，确保西方石油供给、运输安全，阻止苏联石油进入西欧、遏制&新来者&四个方面对美国中东石油安全政策内容及实质进行总体分析；第四部分，从四个方面对美国中东石油安全政策进行评估，分析其得失。

Under the situation,of globalization, along with intensifying,international competition the function of national consciousness is more and more prominent, But at the present time western developed countries lead the globalization, which has had all-around impact and challenge to people's state awareness, especially to the youth student's state awareness and has caused their national consciousness to have the trivializing tendency.

在全球化态势下，随着国际竞争的加剧，国家意识的作用更加突出，但当前由西方发达国家主导的全球化，对人们的国家意识尤其是青年学生的国家意识产生了全面的冲击和挑战，使青年学生的国家意识出现了淡化的趋势。

In order to save the country welfarism, Giddens proposed a revolution method which has been called as the third way revolution. This new welfare revolution method puts its emphaisis on the combination of national interferences and limited market adjustments.

为了将福利国家从危机中挽救出来，以吉登斯为代表的西方学者对民主社会主义和新自由主义进行了折中与调和，提出了&第三条道路&的改革理念，即强调有限的国家干预和有限的市场调节相结合，主张社会福利中国家责任、社会责任以及个人责任的有效分担。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新