西方国家的

Through analyzing the essence of investment bank, this paper is intended to contrast and compare the characteristics between investment and commercial bank.

本文通过对投资银行的本质问题进行分析，区别比较了投资银行与商业银行的特点，运用比较分析的方法对西方国家投资银行监管的有关法律加以研究，系统的论述了投资银行监管的一般理论及其具体内容。

The theory is studied in two fields: one is philosophic field in which the core of the theoretical basis is "responsibility departmentalism"; the other is systematic field which centers on two points-"service" and "control".

这一部分通过对法、英、美等西方国家和苏联、日本及我国行政法学理论基础横向的整体性比较和纵向的个体性比较建立对各理论与学说的一般性认识，在此基础上加以分析与评论，以期获得当代行政法学理论基础的一些共同性的内涵。

The cost of leaving is harder to measure but is probably larger: the return of the Taliban to power; an Afghan civil war; the utter destabilisation of nuclear-armed Pakistan; the restoration of al-Qaeda's Afghan haven; the emboldening of every jihadist in the world; and the weakening of the West's friends.

撤军所要付出的更加难以估计，不过可能会更大：塔利班重新归来掌握权力；一场阿富汗内战；核武装的巴基斯坦的完全动荡；基地组织在阿富汗天堂的重新建立；鼓舞世界上每一位杰哈德战士；西方国家友谊之情的淡化

John Everard, British ambassador to Pyongyang until last year, told the conference, organised by western embassies in Seoul, that he had visited a new hydroelectric power station in the North.

在首尔的西方国家大使们组织的一个会议上，去年卸任的英国驻平壤大使。约翰埃弗拉德表示，他曾访问过一个位于北方的新的水力发电站。

In the end, there is a brief conclusion . The conclusion of this passage mainly includes: The listed companies have obvious preference for stock right financing, and the financing order is stock right financing, the short-term debt, endogenous financing, the long-term debt, which differs from that of western countries; Financing structure is characterized by comparatively lower asset-liability rate, higher floating debt and lower long-term debt; The governance structure is irrational, and the shareholders" meeting perform practically no function. In the meanwhile, board of director structure is unreasonable, which is highly coincident with the manager layer. Board of supervisors" independent character is poor, while manager layer is lacking in restraints and supervision; The interdynamic

本文的结论：上市公司有明显的股权融资偏好，融资顺序为股权融资、短期负债、内源融资、长期负债，这与西方国家上市公司的融资顺序不同；融资结构具有资产负债率相对较低，流动负债偏高、长期负债偏低的特征；治理结构不合理，股东大会形同虚设、董事会结构不合理、董事会与经理层高度重合、监事会独立性不强、经理层缺乏约束与监督；治理结构与融资策略选择的互动关系不强；独立董事比例与资产负债率正相关，工业、公用事业与资产负债率负相关，商业与流动负债率正相关，第一大股东持股比例与流动负债率负相关，第一大股东持股比例与长期负债率正相关，执行董事比例、工业、商业与长期负债率负相关。

A main reason why so many in the West have taken part in the protests against China is ideological: Tibetan Buddhism, deftly spun by the Dalai Lama, is a major point of reference of the New Age hedonist spirituality that is becoming the predominant form of ideology today.

为什么有这么多的西方国家参加到抗议中国的行动中来，有一个主要原因就是意识形态：由达赖喇嘛鼓吹的西藏佛教已经成了新时代享乐主义者的精神依托，在当今的意识形态中占了主要地位。

Thus easy to be in line with international standards, to make the enterprise benefited finally, it can also accelerate the paces of our countrys setting up the system of modem enterprise. The third part of the article, proposes such as investments mechanism, stock right setting up, organization management system, and indistinction between the functions of the government and those of enterprises phenomenon hinder standard from distribution system some countermeasures. The fourth part of the article author expounds the fact from the respects, such as necessity, legislative principle, legislative style and main content legislating etc.

正如一位哲人所说，一切的认识和知识皆可源于比较，本文主要采用比较的方法认识和重构现行的股份合作制企业，其中主要涉及股份合作制企业与相关企业形态一一股份制企业、合作制企业、私营企业、合伙企业的比较；在立法部分从西方国家对中小企业的态度中得到启示，进一步说明了我国对股份合作制企业立法的必要性。

In the western countries, the fine virtue of knighthood has been the impact of modern people's thinking and concepts.

在西方国家，优良的美德的骑士被影响的现代的人们的思想和观念。

A Moslem in Turkey -- whether Turk, Arab, or negro -- is simply a Moslem, and a Christian is a Roman, or Armenian, or Maronite, etc. Our Western idea of separating politics from religion, of being on the one hand loyal citizens of our country and on the other, as a quite distinct thing, members of some Church, is unknown in the East.

穆斯林在土耳其-无论是土耳其人，阿拉伯人，还是黑人-根本是一个穆斯林，基督徒的是罗马，还是亚美尼亚语，或龙族等西方分开的想法，从政治，宗教，正在对美国，一方面忠于市民，为我们的国家和对其他，作为一个截然不同的事，大家的一些教会，是未知的，在东方。

This chapter introduces the advent and development of multipartite action system, especially its history of development in the USA, explaining that it is not what the western countries all have, but that it is produced with the development of society.

本章介绍群体诉讼制度的产生和发展，着重论述了其在美国的发展史，说明群体诉讼制度不是西方国家共有的制度，而是随着社会的发展产生的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。