西方国家

With the appearance and foundation of the modern nation-state, the western form a tradition of objectivism legal interpretation.

随着近代民族国家出现和法治观念的建立，西方形成了一种客观主义的法律解释传统。

In the western world the plebeian or popular element in each state successfully assailed the oligarchical monopoly; and a code was nearly universally obtained early in the history of the Commonwealth.

在西方世界中每一个国家的平民成分都成功地击溃了寡头政治的垄断，几乎普遍地在"共和政治"史的初期就获得了一个法典。

Based on review of late theories, we will try to construct a new comprehensive theory in the light of national stability and opulence.

本文将在综述西方民族理论的基础上，从国家稳定和发展的目的出发，阐述一种综合的理论尝试。

The fifth part of this paper discusses the comparative advantages of Chinesemanufacturing in international division, including the differences of Chinese andwestern manufacturing abilities and productivity. The comparative analysis of Chinese and East-Asia countries comparative advantages is a most important originative idea.

重点分析了中国与西方发达国家制造业的生产能力和效率水平，对中国制造业相对于东亚新兴工业化国家所特有的比较优势分析是这部分的新创造。

Marsiglio of Padua is one of the most important political thinkers in the mediaeval West,with a great influence upon the sovereignty of the state and the constitutionalism in the modern time.

马西略是西方中世纪晚期的最重要的思想家之一，其思想对近代主权国家的产生和宪政主义的发展都有着直接而积极的影响。

From the pursuing of the"democratic island"in central Asian to the occuring of"Tulip Revolution",and from the believing inwestern democracy to centralized regime.from the blindfold imitation of exoticcivilization to relapsation into the circle of"democratic-authoritical"as the useless ofmany kinds of systems,and from too much modification in law to the uncertainingabout"presidentialism"and"parliamentarism"to cause a weak regime and so on.

由中亚"民主岛"的狂热追求到"郁金香革命"的骤然发生，由奉西方自由民主制度为圭臬到集权政体的回归，由对外来文明的盲从模仿到因制度"叠合"的无效性而陷入"民主——专制"的怪圈，由多次修宪到至今尚未厘清"总统制"与"议会制"而塑造了一个模糊不清的脆弱的政权体系，凡此等等，像吉尔吉斯斯坦这样政治转型所表现出的大起大落、摇摆不定等现象在后苏联转型国家中并不多见。

In this thesis, Wal-Mart's operations in US and China are studied with the help of western researchers'cultural models and theories, such as Hofstede's four dimensions, Trompenaars'universalism and particularism as well as with the help of some Chinese traditional values and ethics. The author compares how Wal-Mart is influenced by different cultural values and traditions.

本论文以沃尔玛在美国和中国两个不同文化背景的国家为例，利用西方学者霍夫斯特德的四个纬度文化模型、特姆彭纳斯的普遍主义和个别主义理论、以及中国传统的文化伦理，作者比较了沃尔玛在履行企业社会责任时，是怎样受不同的文化价值观影响的。

The western world is used to looking at Chinese contemporary art as a peep show, a revealing of a dictatorial country's dark scenes. As a matter of fact, the political scene of China today is not comparable to its past; China is more and more integrated to the world, and Chinese artists have already changed from passive creation to initiative-driven creation. The art works by Chinese artists no longer convey the government's will, but, at the same time, don't necessarily convey the intention of the nation or the intellectuals, either.

西方世界对中国当代文化一直是采用偷窥的视角，认为是在揭露一个专制国家的黑幕，其实中国的政治已经今非昔比，中国正在融入国际大家庭，中国的艺术家也早就从被动写作变成主动写作了，艺术家笔下的中国现实是艺术家的个人观点，不再代表官方意志，同时也未必代表整个民众或者进步的知识界。

Its meaning can be ascertained by reference to its operation as a definite idea in Western legal history ,The essence of this principle of legality is limitation on penalization by the State s officials , effected by the prescription and application of specific rules .

它含义，可以通过考察它作为一种明确的思想在西方法制史中的运用，加以确定。这一法制原则的本质就在于对国家官吏所拥有的处罚权予以限制，而这种限制是通过制定并运用具体规则而实现的。

But because import demand, capital flows and the need for foreign workers declined precipitously in the West, almost all developing countries are suffering.

但由于西方的进口需求、资金流动和外国员工的需求大幅度下降，几乎所有发展中国家都在受挫。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。