西方国家

The deep source of western rule by law lies in the separation of country with demagogic society and interactive development,that is in the course of country r e -construction and demagogic social independence movement,the demarcation and con flict of power with right give rise to the production of legal order,but the adv ocating of townspeople social spirit promotes the legal formalization movement.

内容提要西方法治产生的深层根源在于其国家和市民社会的分离和互动发展，即在国家重建和市民社会自由化运动过程中，权力和权利的界分和冲突导致了法律秩序的生成，而市民社会精神的张扬则推动了法律形式化运动。

Another Mainland Chinese Christian told me that from the Western movies, music, MTV, video games and sex industry, he can clearly perceive manifestations of materialism, individualism, violence and sexual perversion; they demonstrate the lack of devoutness on the part of Western Christian believers.

国内的一位基督徒则对我说，西方基督教国家，在电影、音乐、MTV、电子游戏和色情业当中，表现出来的物质主义、个人至上、暴力和性混乱等等，可见这些基督教国家的信徒是多麽地不虔诚。

The traditional mainstream theory holds that the purpose of criminal law is to protect people by punishing crimes, which is based on indictable offences, focusing on punishment is not overall. It ignores the direction legislative value of our county concerning restoring victims'rights.

一、传统司法的理念：以公诉罪为主线，以犯罪人为中心，关注惩罚就犯罪的本质而言，传统的理论无论是社会主义国家奉行的以社会危害性为中心的"孤立的个人反对统治阶级关系"的观点，还是西方大陆法学倡导的法益侵害论，犯罪被认为不是私人之间冲突与纠纷，刑事审判中的被害人一般被认为是国家。

The Western world has increasingly accepted the proposal of that first modern political liberal, Jean Jacque Rousseau: the state will emancipate you from responsibility to all non-coercive human institutions like the family, church, and business, if only you submit yourself to the coercion of the state.

西方世界已越来越接受卢梭这位现代政治自由派鼻祖的建议：只要你委身于国家的强制，国家将把你从对家庭，教会和企业等非强迫人类机构的责任中解放出来。

But, in the every phase of constant developing of the globalization, the leading force varies from strength to weakness, from single-pole to multi-poles with the changes of political and economical conditions.

资本主义主导的全球化由特殊趋向一般，即由单一资本主义为主导的全球化趋向非资本主义的全球化；由单向转向双向，即由西方发达国家对东方发展中国家的单向扩张转为东西方国家的互动。

The civil servant system, also called civil service in the west countries, is prevalently adopted as a kind of public staff management system.

国家公务员制度，在西方又被称为文官制度，是资本主义国家普遍采用的一种公共人事管理制度。

Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made the barbarian and semibarbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.

正象它使乡村从属于城市一样，它使未开化和半开化的国家从属于文明的国家，使农民的民族从属于资产阶级的民族，使东方从属于西方。

Ashok Sharma, Indian Ambassador to Surinam, who has served three times in the Commonwealth of Independent States region during his diplomatic career said:The popularity of Bollywood in the CIS dates back to the Soviet days when the films from Hollywood and other Western countries were banned in the Soviet Union.

" + 印度驻苏里南大使，曾三次在独联体国家出任外交官的Ashok Sharma说："宝莱坞电影在独联体国家的流行如同回到好莱坞和其他西方电影被禁止的前苏联时代。

Especially Deng Xiaoping's explanation of principle on relation between socialist society and religion, and document formed on basic opinion and policy of socialist society's religion issue according to Deng Xiaoping's thoughts, which further deepened the understanding of religion issue. All these set up a basic foundation of policy and theory for resolving the issue of socialist society's religion. Part Three: The time background, historical course, policy connotation and theory value of the judgment of actively guiding religion adapting to socialist society Putting forward this judgment has serious era background.

它是冷战结束后，宗教在世界政治和国际关系中的影响凸现，西方势力加紧利用宗教对中国进行渗透活动，国内改革开放和社会主义市场经济进一步发展，党和国家实施调动一切积极因素的总方针，宗教界人士和信教群众积极投身于社会主义市场经济建设，同时，宗教领域也出现了一些新情况、新问题，要求党和国家进一步制定和实施更加符合我国宗教国情的宗教工作的指导方针，使宗教更好地与社会主义社会相适应的时代背景下提出的。

Henry Kissinger also points out that there are at least six great powers: the United States, Europe, China, Japan, Russia, and probably India in 20th century world politics. After 911 terrorist attacks in 2001, the American hegemony of unipolarity was replaced by a multipolar world. This essay attempts to analyze the contents and strategies of six great cultures. It also attempts to prove that Chinese culture and its positive defense strategy will be an important pillar for supporting the present world order. Accordingly, China's peaceful development strategy should not be a threat to its neighbors.

季辛吉所言的六大强权刚好属於上述六大文明中的五大文明（美国与欧洲同属西方文明），加上回教文明，则为六大文明，在2001年「911」恐怖攻击事件后，美国独霸全球的「单极」时代将会被「多极」所取代，21世纪全球政治的格局，将是朝「多极并立」发展，本文即在分析当前六大文明的内涵与其战略思想，证明以天道、人道、中道、王道为内涵的中国文明，与传统中国「积极防御」的国家战略，将是维系21世纪秩序的主要支柱，而中共的「和平发展」也不会对周边国家造成威胁。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。