西方国家

The legitimate sources of freedom and rights in western countries include two types:the former is the exterior of the state power,which can be confirmed but not created by the state power;the latter is the interior of the state power,which can be created and conferred thereby.

西方自由与权利的合法性来源一般有两种：一种是外在于国家权力，国家权力只能认可而不能创制；一种是内在于国家权力，是由国家权力创制和授予的。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，"国家"代替"帝国"，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

The Opium War broughtChina the following results: Firstly, it made China lose its national sovereign and territorial integrity and turn itfrom an independent country to a semicolonial country.

鸦片战争的结果：一是使中国丧失国家主权和领土完整，由一个主权国家开始成为一个半殖民地国家；二是大量泛滥的鸦片烟掠走了中国巨额财富，毒害和降低了中国的国民素质，阻碍了近代中国历史的发展；三是破坏了农业和手工业结合的小生产经济结构，打破了中国经济发展的滞缓状态，刺激和促进了中国资本主义近代工业的发生和发展；四是惊醒了中国人，先进的中国人开始了漫长的学习西方资本主义的过程，最后才找到马克思主义，并使之与中国社会实际结合起来，走上国家独立和社会主义道路。

The famous hypothesis of 'economic being' of western economics is based on contradictions between egoism and altruism, between individualism and entirety; contemporary western economic ethical thought is also represented by conflicts among utilitarianism, non-utilitarianism and the like, the conflict of unrestraint and state interf...

西方经济学著名的经济人假设，其立论基础存在着"利己"与"利他"、"个人主义"和"整体主义"的矛盾；西方经济伦理思想在当代还表现为功利主义与非功利主义的诸正义形式伦理的矛盾、自由放任与国家干预的矛盾、经济公正与政治公正的矛盾，正是在这些矛盾的展开中体现了当代西方经济伦理思想的发展与变化。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

The fourth part resurveys the Hesperian state theories in contemporary era, endeavoring to find a practical road of the states development from the animadverts on Nationalism and Economism.

第四部分结合马克思的国家观重新审视当代西方的国家理论，在对'国家主义&和&经济主义的批判中寻求一条国家发展的现实道路。

Despite the irreversible era of globalization,evdences indicate that the conflict between ideologies and national interests will still be dominant,which is entangled with cultural difference,thus becoming much more obstinate and even harder to change.

在这样的环境中，西方发达工业国家在世界的主要地区垄断了高科技产品的生产和销售，并利用国家力量在跨国经济中获取最大利润，从而成为&中心国家&，而另一些发展中国家在经济互动中，由于技术落后以及使用大量的劳

Under the situation,of globalization, along with intensifying,international competition the function of national consciousness is more and more prominent, But at the present time western developed countries lead the globalization, which has had all-around impact and challenge to people's state awareness, especially to the youth student's state awareness and has caused their national consciousness to have the trivializing tendency.

在全球化态势下，随着国际竞争的加剧，国家意识的作用更加突出，但当前由西方发达国家主导的全球化，对人们的国家意识尤其是青年学生的国家意识产生了全面的冲击和挑战，使青年学生的国家意识出现了淡化的趋势。

Using Marxism as guidance people should correctly interpret the nature of the state function in conformity to the globalization of economy, further the reform with wider opening, enhance the international cooperation in terms of social functions of a state, clearly recognize the existence of the class struggles in certain areas internationally and internally to resist the influence of the political ruling of the western capitalist countries in the international cooperation, to prevent the international cooperation within social administration from evolving into a tool of overturning the state power and keep the opposition powers away from splitting and westernizing our country.

这个底线的核心是坚持以马克思主义思想为指导，正确把握国家职能运作的本质，一方面顺应经济全球化的发展趋势，进一步深化改革，扩大开放，加强国家社会职能范围内的国际合作，同时又要认清阶级斗争在国际和国内局部范围内依然存在的现实，抵制西方资本主义国家的政治统治职能对国际合作的干预和影响，防止在社会管理职能领域的国际合作和交流演变为颠覆国家政权的工具。

In the West, countries like the United States, Canada and Australia are fairylands for major malfeasants; countries and regions in friendly relationship with China Taiwan, such as some countries of the Central America and island countries of the Pacific Ocean, are regarded as shelters by some malfeasants; some subsidiary malfeasants prefer to stay peripheral countries with lower living costs, like Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Mongolia and Russia; another group of malfeasants currently hide themselves in countries in Africa, South America and East Europe, waiting for chance to move to "safe places"......

在西方国家中，美国、加拿大和澳大利亚等成了大贪官的&乐园&；与中国台湾关系&友好&的国家和地区，例如中美洲一些国家和太平洋岛国，被一些贪官看成是庇护所；一些小贪官喜欢躲在生活成本较低的周边国家，如泰国、缅甸、马来西亚、蒙古和俄罗斯等；还有一些腐败分子目前正藏身于非洲、南美和东欧国家，伺机向&安全的地点&转移。。。。。。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。