西方

"Ontology" in the Chinese etymology means "the highest","the most fundamental","the most popular" and "the most important". Although it is a loan word, it has great difference from the oringinal meaning of ontology when translated into Chiness and has abvously "transferred meaning". If the "original meaning" of ontology is a "transcendental" purely logic stipulation" and a unique morphology of "the Western Philosophy", a field of idea world, absolute spirit, pure reason which is isolated from the experience world or prio to the experience world", and "a pure principle unable to be proven from the real world", then in Chiness,"ontology" has richer transferred meanings unparalleled with ontology in the West.

&本体&在中文词源里，有&最高&、&最根本&、&最普遍&、&最重要&等含义；本体论虽然是外来词，但翻译为中文后，与原来的ontology已经有了很大的区别，产生了明显的&转义&：如果说ontology的&本义&是一种&是论&或&存在论&，是一种超验的&纯粹的逻辑规定性&，是&西方哲学特有的一种形态&，是&与经验世界隔绝或者先于经验世界的理念世界、绝对精神、纯粹理性的领域&，是&不能从现实世界得到验证的纯粹的原理&，是比一切其他哲学思维都更纯正的&第一哲学&的话，那么在中国的&水土&上，&本体论&已经具有了比西方的ontology丰富得无可比拟的&转义&。

This paper reviews the exploration of the subjectivity issues in the history of western philosophy ideology, and makes further research of the process of the establishment and development of methodology of the human sciences in the western philosophy, especially in the traditional literae humaniores of Germany philosophy. Besides, this paper deeply and thoroughly analyses and criticize the contribution of the objectivism research attitude which is gradually getting rid of the thoughts of "the dichotomy of subject/object" and "rational dogmatism" hi philosophy research, history research and pedagogy research.

研究系统考察了西方哲学思想史上有关主体性问题的探索，重点考察了人文科学方法论在西方哲学、尤其在有着人文思想传统的德国哲学中的形成发展过程，对哲学研究、史学研究和教育学研究逐步摆脱&主客二分&和&理性独断&思维方式及客观主义研究态度做出的贡献进行了比较深入、全面的批判分析。

The realistic painting in the Western country is one of the most splendid chapters in the history of fine arts . At the end of 19thcentury it faced the challenge of photography and modern Western arts, but both proved not to be the "killer". Instead the social context focusing on the economic efficiency and the onesided mainstream ideology dominating the contemporary Western arts were the real barrier for its development.

写实主义绘画，尤其是西方写实主义绘画，曾经是人类美术史上最为辉煌的篇章之一。19世纪末之后，它受到摄影术、现代艺术的挑战，然而，它们不是写实主义绘画的&克星&；以经济效率为核心的社会环境与片面的西方艺术&主流意识&，才是写实主义绘画发展的真正阻碍。

On the other hand, because this ideology regards"substance"as center, onesidedly stressing the oppose between human and nature and human themselves. The ideology finally makes western society move towards"the limits of development"on the end of twenty century.

一方面，这种实践理念对西方社会工业文明的发展起了巨大的推动作用；另一方面，由于这种实践理念以&物&为中心，片面强调了人与自然、人与人的对立，到了20世纪末的今天，终于使西方社会走到了&发展的极限&。

This insight may go some way towards explaining the ease with which China's propaganda authorities are able to channel western criticisms of China into outpourings of anti-western cyber-rage or patriotic fealty.

这一洞见可能在一定程度上能够解释，中国宣传机关为何能将西方对中国的批评，轻松引导成互联网上爆发的反西方或爱国尽忠情绪。

Second, both the patterns and the ways to improve the organizational efficiency of business group are formed in specified environment of economy, institution, market, social psychology and industrial level. That is the reason there are great difference among business groups in different countries. So we should not only against following western countries regardless conditions in China, but also absorb the mature experiences and general laws of business group development in Western countries in optimizing the organization structure of business group in China.

企业集团的任何一种追求组织效率的方式和途径都是在一定的经济环境、制度环境、市场环境、社会心理环境以及工业化水平背景下形成的，也正因为如此，各国企业集团追求组织效率的方式都有较大的差异，所以中国企业集团组织结构的优化，既要克服盲目向西方发达国家看齐，也应积极吸收西方发达国家企业集团发展中的成熟经验和普遍规律。

The research in postmodernism is beneficial to China...

对西方后现代思潮的研究有利于中国的文化建设：借鉴西方文化的同时转向把握中国文化本根。

In these progressions Chinese sculpture could never get rid of the shade of "Eurocentrism".

在以西方文化为主导的背后，对异邦文化的养护和发展，成为西方中心主义继续强大的前提。

However, Western culture is also rooted in Germans, Slavs, as well as the Celtics popular culture, the culture is a culture of medieval Europe to form.

许多文化背景的人，包括西方与非西方的，都将&现代化&与&西化&等量齐观，当然也有许多非西方人士，反对将采纳西方理念与价值，作为所有社会的必然。

Floating policy is of outstanding importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods wITe a bulk of similar export transactions are not intended, e.g.

它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法，特别适合于分不相同的时间出口的一批类似货物，如，当被保险方根据独家代理规则书向西方的进口方供货，或在西方委任了销售代表，设立分支机构时用之。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。