西方

The form discussion studies Liang Zongdai and Ye Gongchao respectively introduced and spreaded the French imagism and British and American formalism. The Poem special issue in the literature and art supplement of Ta kung Pao Newspaper and New Poetry organized twice discussions in poetic forms. The pure poetry school introduced that the modernists introduced the western and ancient pure poetry theories: from Baudelaire, Mallarme, Vale'ry, H. Read, A. Bremond to J.M. Murray, and the basic idea and difference of pure poetry. Besides, a lot of modem poets became greatly interested in pursuit heat of the pure poetry in late Tang and Nan Song dynasties, studying the development and variation of pure poetry. Music theory argues that modernists make introduction and reform on the western and Chinese music theory. He Qifang and Bian Zhilin continue the topic to the contemporary time, and put forward the theoretical frames in Chinese poetry. Rhyme and rhythm theory make researches on the introduction and reform of French symbolism and British and American modernists' rhyme and rhythm theory, making studies on the Chinese new form poetry and its thyme and rhythm theory.

纯诗论是形式论的重心；对西方和古代的纯诗理论之引入，引进了从坡到波德莱尔、马拉美、瓦莱里、默里、里达、白瑞蒙的纯诗理论；纯诗理论的基本内涵与差异；诸多现代派诗人掀起了晚唐南宋纯诗热，对姜夔、严羽作了新的理解；对纯诗理论的发展和变异，含梁宗岱的现象学形式论，何其芳的唯美论与形式论，现代派诸人的诗本体论；梁宗岱对纯诗理论的中国化研究，含梁宗岱的超越性与形式性，"超验"与"妙悟"的比较研究与形态超脱性的比较研究；中西纯诗形态的超脱性等；现代派纯诗论是对初期白话诗理论的清算，对新月派、象征派探索的总结和发展，音乐论是对纯诗论的延伸和对格律论的发展；现代派引入研究了西方诗学音乐论理论，含坡、瓦莱里、里德的纯诗音乐论、抽象音乐论、各种具体的音乐论技术论点；引入了中国古代诗学中关于诗与音乐、音韵、音顿、音义、平仄双声叠韵等音乐的理论；进行了两次关于新诗音乐论的大讨论；在节奏、音顿、音韵三方面借鉴了西方的理论，同时改造了古代的格律理论，扬弃了平仄说，何其芳、卞之琳把新诗音乐论命题延续到当代，提出了汉诗音乐论的理论框架。

Chapter 3, Western architecture during Chinese architectural culture introduction. In this period,"Chinoiserie"sweeping in the West, resulted in "rococo" style appearance.

3下篇—中学西传中的西方建筑：这一时期，"中国热"席卷整个西方，对西方洛可可艺术风格的产生起了巨大的作用。

The Christianism is important factor in the west literature ,and Christian Culture is spirit resource of the west writer ,also it's writers' emotion boot .

基督教是西方文学精神的重要构成因素，基督教文化是西方作家重要的精神资源，为西方作家酿就了深厚的情感底色。

Painting which is the mainstream of the western art is extremely representational in the aspect of the space concept. But relieves combine the paintings'complanation with sculptures'extensity .so we decide to research the process of the evolvement and the interaction between paintings and sculptures. We expect to discuss the space and art expression in the western art and relieve ,so I can have a further comprehension about the space of optical art. The comprehension can not only help us understand the traditional western paintings and relieves better, but also make us comprehend the space concept of modern art better, to set the artistic creations of contemporary paintings and relieves into action.

油画，作为西方绘画的主流形式，在空间形态的表现上极富代表性，而浮雕兼具绘画的平面性与雕塑的实体空间性，因此，我选择研究油画与浮雕在空间上的演变过程及其相互影响，以期可以从一个侧面来探讨西方绘画与浮雕中的空间观和艺术形态表现，从而对视觉艺术的"空间"有更深一个层次的了解，这不仅有利于我们理解传统的西方油画和浮雕，也能使我们更好地理解现代艺术的空间观念，进而更好的推动当代的油画和浮雕创作。

He extended the theory of Depth Psychology into the study and criticism of novels , affirmed the human significance and modern aesthetic value of psychological novel , and revealed the psychological nature of the history of Western fiction from the phenomenon of the unconsciousness . Freud s theories pounded at the novel writing principle of Western Classicism , and affected the theoretical position and the writing concept of modern Western novelists .

从20世纪初期起弗洛伊德就在小说观念领域悄然发动了一次革命，他把自己的"深层心理学"理论延伸到了小说理论研究和批评之中，明确肯定了"心理小说"的人性意义和现代审美价值，并从"无意识"表现的历史存在揭示了西方小说史的心理学本质，对西方古典主义的小说创作原则造成了极大的冲击，有力地影响了西方现代小说家的理论立场和创作观念。

Just because that we adopted the attitude of pragmatism while absorbing the western culture and thoughts, so shielded the redemption consciousness of western culture and sacrifice spirit; shielded the loftiness of tragedy and Bacchus spirit of Dionysos; shielded the western wise man's criticism spirit of self-subversion against metaphysics; shielded the artists 'courage of confronting reality and fearless art experimentation spirit.

正是由于我们在吸纳西方文化思想过程中急切地采用了实用主义的态度，因而屏蔽了西方文脉中的救赎意识、牺牲精神；屏蔽了悲剧崇高及狄奥尼索斯的酒神精神；屏蔽了西方哲人对"形而上学"自我拆解、自我颠覆的批判精神；屏蔽了艺术家勇于对抗现实以及大无畏的艺术实验精神。

The images of China have contributed discursively as the symbol of cultural utopia to construct the experiences of Western modernity.The images of China appeared in three stereotypes and represented different facets of meaning in early modern times.

研究西方的中国形象，不是研究中国文化，而是从一个侧面、一个角度研究西方的文化史或观念史，在中西跨文化空间中探讨西方现代性的生成过程与意义。

All of these hadsurpassed the Slav trend of thought who only simply favored itsown specific property and would rather go back to the formerRussian era they would cultivate the most excellent ideas ofmankind in the episode to the society itself the purposeinvented in a new way in fast was the performance of thethought of going Russia's special road in the new period ofPlekhanov took the opinion that Russia had been on the way tocapitalism and it was not realistic to talk about surpassing itand then held doctrinally that Russia had not yet possessedthe factors of realizing the socialist revolution.

民粹主义这种本质上主张走俄罗斯独特道路的认识，是要把西方最先进的理想即社会主义理想与自身的优势村社这一基础结合起来，在资本主义已产生于西方而又暴露其弊病的情况下，使俄罗斯走出一条不同于西方模式的跨越资本主义之路。

The forth part is the research on the characteristics of university from 1810' Berlin University to the middle of 20th century, with concentrations on the nationalization of the university management, the dualization of university function, autonomy-oriented of school running and democratization of the western college education.

第四部分是对1810年柏林大学改革以来到20世纪中叶这一时期西方大学特色的研究，集中论述了西方大学管理的国家化、大学功能的二元化、西方大学教育的民主化及办学的自主化等。

First of all, the first chapter mainly analyze the phenomenon of homosexual and the love which Song Liling as an actor in Opera for his homosexual complex lays on Gallimard.The second chapter maily analyzes Song Liling\'s hatred towards Occident by looking back to the history that China is humiliated by Occident for one hundred years and the background Song Liling lived in.This part also expatiates how he plays M.Butterfly who is loved by Gallimard and finally control Gallimard in order to take revenge on Occident.The third chapter maily combines the Floid\'s Id with Superego theory to analyze that Song Liling dramatically compromise the contradiction between his homosexual love and racial hatred and he is converted into a Pinkerton role entangled by this complex and can not get the recognition from morality and justice.

其中，第一节主要分析中国戏园中同性恋存在的现象，以及作为男旦的戏剧演员宋丽玲因同性恋情结而对伽利玛产生一定的同性之爱；第二节主要通过回顾中国百年来受到西方帝国主义凌辱的历史并结合宋丽玲生活的时代(来源：a6ABecC论文网www.abclunwen.com)背景来分析其对西方产生的种族之恨，并详细阐释了他如何通过扮演伽利玛心目中的蝴蝶夫人来最终达到控制伽利玛，报复西方的目的；第三节主要结合弗洛伊德的本我与超我理论来分析宋丽玲戏剧性地调解内心对伽利玛的同性之爱与种族之恨的矛盾，以及在这种爱与恨的纠结之下转化为平克顿式的角色，失去了道义上的认可。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。