裂谷

The forming of non- Smithian strata are expounded at theory level.

以殷鸿福等（1998）归纳总结的非威尔逊旋回理论为指导，从理论上阐述了非史密斯地层形成过程：造山带区古大洋相当复杂，尤其是中国古特提斯域古大洋，多为多岛洋，多岛洋是一个宽阔的但不干净的洋，它在其各个演化阶段，始终充满着由裂解地块、裂谷、海道、微板块与次级小洋盆、火山岛弧、海山与边缘海等不同裂离与聚合程度的、海陆相间的多岛洋盆；多岛洋盆在其整个洋陆转化进程中，往往所经历的是多期开合与多期次软碰撞，故由非威尔逊旋回转化而来的造山带混杂岩带地层一般都经历过多期强烈的构造混杂，使造山带演化不同期次、同期次不同阶段、不同大地构造相、不同沉积古地理单元、不同构造层次地层体在极短程内相互拼贴、无序叠置。

Rock types include basalt,trachybasalt, alkaline basalt, andesite and andesibasalt, which belong to alkalinity-weak alkalinity rock series, and give priority to neutrality-basic volcanicrock, that indicate the tectonic setting of continental rift.

岩石类型为玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、碱性玄武岩、安山岩和玄武安山岩，属于碱性-弱碱性岩系，以中性-基性火山岩为主，指示出大陆裂谷型构造背景。

Once known as Lake Rudolf, Lake Turkana is the northernmost lake in the Great Rift Valley, a highly volcanic region that runs 3,700 miles (6,000 kilometers) from Mozambique to Syria.

亦被称为Rudolf湖的Turkana湖地处东非大裂谷（一个富火山区域，长达3700英里，即6千公里，从莫桑比克至叙利亚）的极北端。

The petrology of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks and their distribution in the Liaohe basin indicate a continental rift environment;The uparching of the upper mantle revealed by geophysical data has controlled the development of the structures on the surface.

辽河盆地新生代火山岩的分布规律和岩石学特征表明：辽河盆地新生代的构造环境为大陆裂谷。地壳深部资料显示出辽河地区存在上地幔隆起，它控制了浅部构造的发育。

The Rift Valley bisects the country above Nairobi, opening up to a broad arid plain in the north.

上述国家的裂谷成两半内罗毕开了广阔的北方平原干旱。

From the still depths of Lake Malawi to the powerful rushing waters of Victoria Falls, freshwater is Africa's lifeblood, sustaining some of the most resplendent and dramatic gatherings of wildlife; Crowds of spoonbills and black herons corralling fish on the Bangweulu floodplains, giants crocodiles digging ambush for unsuspecting buffalo on the Luangwa River and millions of flamingoes gathered on the caustic soda lakes of East Africa's Rift Vally.

从深遽平静的马拉威湖到滚滚而下的维多利亚瀑布，淡水是非洲的生命之源，养育不少活泼灿烂的野生生物。在班乌拉涝原，琵鹭与黑鹭围捕鱼群。在卢安瓜河，巨鳄伏击没有疑心的水牛。在东非大裂谷，数百万只红鹳在具腐蚀性的钠湖聚集。

For Southwestern Margin of Aqikekule Lake ophiolite, their field geological, petrological, minerological, petrochemical and geochemical characteristics show that:① it outcropped as tectonic slices along the near west-to-east strike Kunzhong fault and is composed of metamorphic perodotties, cumulates and volcanic rocks, in which, chromites are distributed in the upper part of metamorphic peridotites as pods, or in the lower part of cumulates as near-strata;② metamorphic peridotites include serpentinites, chromite-bearing serpentinites, chlorite-epidote schists and chromitites, of which, chromitites have nodular and orbicular structure, and cumulates include pyroxenits, serpentinites, chromite-bearing serpentinites, chromites and metamorphically mafic rocks and only basalts are seen in volcanic rocks;③ Cr# of chromites suggest that they formed in the SSZ and Al〓O〓 and TiO〓 of metamorphic peridotites also suggest SSZ environment;④ metamorphic peridotites have V type and enriched LREE patterns, cumulates have from strongly depleted LREE, flat REE to enriched LREE patterns with universally striking positive Eu anomalies and basalts show flat REE or slight enriched LREE patterns with no Eu anomalies;⑤ trace element and Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of metamorphic peridotites imply their strikingly heterogeneous mantle character ε〓(t+4.39～+26.20 and later Nb, Ta fertilization;⑥ trace element characteristics of basalts and their tectonic diagrams show they probably formed in the rifted island arc or back-arc basin environment.

对阿其克库勒湖西南缘蛇绿岩，野外地质、岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学以及地球化学等特征表明：①该蛇绿岩以近东西向、沿昆中断裂呈构造岩片出露，由变质橄榄岩、堆晶岩和火山岩三个单元组成，其中见铬铁岩呈豆荚状产于变质橄榄岩的上部，或呈似层状产于堆晶岩的下部；②变质橄榄岩包括蛇纹岩、含铬铁矿蛇纹岩、绿帘绿泥片岩和铬铁岩等类型，其中，豆荚状铬铁矿具有结核状构造和球状构造，堆晶岩包括辉石岩、蛇纹岩、含铬铁矿蛇纹岩、铬铁岩和变质基性岩等类型，火山岩仅见玄武岩；③铬铁矿的Cr#表明其形成在俯冲带，变质橄榄岩的Al〓O〓和TiO〓成分也指示了SSZ环境；④变质橄榄岩的稀土配分型式见V型和LREE富集型两种型式，堆晶岩表现出从LREE强烈亏损、REE平坦分布到LREE富集的配分特征，并且普遍具有醒目的正Eu异常，玄武岩的稀土配分型式表现为平坦型或LREE略富集，无Eu异常；⑤变质橄榄岩的微量元素及Sm-Nd同位素特征指示了其地幔的显著不均一性ε〓(t为+4.39～+26.20以及Nb、Ta在后期的富集；⑥玄武岩的微量元素特征及构造图解表明其可能形成在裂谷岛弧或不成熟的弧后盆地环境。

Results The diagenetic grade of Permian rift basin was quite high, and the mechanical compaction resulted in the great loss of the original pore. The eodiagenesis and telodiagenesis were important to the reservoir, and fractures were the dominant hydrocarbon migrating pathway and accumulating space; In Triassic-Paleogene Formation, mechanical compaction was as important as pressolution, and the most original pore was preserved. The exodiagenesis stage of late hercynian movement, indosinian movement and Yanshan movement played the vital role in the diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation of the basin. The argillaceous dolomite and algal dolomite discaved in Permian, which were formed probably by hybrid process in high salinity lake which had the fresh water interfused in.

结果 二叠纪裂谷盆地的成岩强度大，以机械压实作用为主，原生孔隙丧失多且早，晚期成岩作用较重要，裂缝是油气运聚的通道和空间，可出现次生孔隙发育带；三叠纪－古近纪拗陷盆地的成岩作用表现为机械压实和化学压实作用并重，原生孔隙多被保留；晚海西、印支、燕山运动等表生成岩阶段对该区的成岩演化和油气运聚起到重要作用；二叠系中特征的泥云岩和藻云岩可能是在有淡水注入的较高盐度湖泊中经混合作用而形成的。

It rises eight thousand feet above the Sea, and to the East two thousand feet above the surrounding country; but to the West the drop is deeper and more precipitous,- the hills fall vertically down towards the Great Rift Valley.

它有海拔八千英尺高，东面两千英尺低处环绕着乡村；西面是更深的陡坡—山峰直坠于东非大裂谷。

Summarizing the reservoiring courses of large and medium gas fields in China, they can be divided into 4 types...

目前中国天然气勘探的主要领域是：1中部、西部地区前陆盆地；2三大克拉通复合盆地(四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地)；3近海的裂谷盆地和陆缘盆地

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。