裂谷

Focusing on the PGE enrichment mechanism in the basic-ultrabasic intrusions in the Panxi rift, firstly, through the interpretation of TM photograph, data processing of regional geochemical exploration and geophysical prospecting results of gravity, magnetic force and seism, we analyzed the controlling effect of structure and magmatic movement on the PGE mineralization; Secondly, through the study of volcanic apparatus, petrography, measurement of comprehensive geochemical section, isotope tracing and dating of typical PGE-rich melanocratic rock series, we discussed the sources of the PGE-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions and basalts, their timing, evolvement sequences, the geochemical processes of magma crystallization and fractionation, and the relationship between magma evolution and structural development; Finally, through the analysis of PGE and chalcophile elements concentrations in the melanocratic rock series and the contrastive study with the Noril''sk magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, its related continental flood basalts and Siberia Traps, we discussed PGE mineralization characteristics and its enrichment mechanisms in the melanocratic rock series in the Panxi rift.

本项目首先围绕川西地区主要的PGE矿床及伴生矿的地质环境和有关的地质构造背景，通过TM卫片解译、区域化探和重、磁及地震物探资料分析，总体把握构造及岩浆活动对PGE成矿的控制作用；然后通过对典型富PGE暗色岩套的火山机构地质构造、岩石岩相学、地球化学、同位素定年和示踪等方面的工作，分析本区基性－超基性含矿岩体与喷出岩之间的成岩物质来源、侵入时代及演化序列，研究该区同一岩浆房分异结晶的地球化学过程及其随构造发展的耦合关系；最后通过对暗色岩套PGE地球化学剖面分析以及与俄罗斯诺里尔斯克陆内裂谷溢流型玄武岩中PGE矿化的岩石－构造环境对比研究，探讨该区暗色岩套中的矿化特点和富集部位及其PGE富集机制。

An early rift sequence is overlain by a large Late Cretaceous delta, which culminates with the mid-Campanian Rakopi Formation coal measures.

一个早期的裂谷层序上覆有一个较大的晚白垩纪三角洲，后者的顶层则是中坎佩尼阶拉科皮组煤系。

The crust-mantle background and space distribution of palaeogene source rock in the east of China,the tectonic background,sediment and basin environment,state of organic matter,abundance of organic matter and type of organic matter in source rocks and geothermal field characters are analyzed.

对我国东部下第三系源岩发育的壳幔背景及空间展布、源岩发育的构造背景、沉积和盆地环境、有机质赋存状态、有机质丰度、类型及地温场特征等方面的研究表明，秦岭-大别和郯庐断裂的生成演化是区内下第三系盆地发育的主要构造控制因素，渤海湾北东向裂谷型盆地规模大、切割深，有效烃源岩最为发育；南华北近东西向-北西西向断陷型盆地规模小、切割浅，有效烃源岩相对最不发育；而立交桥型的南襄盆地有效烃源岩发育程度介于两者之间。

The rock assemblage and geochemisty of the sedimentary rocks indicate that the Xiong'er Group formed in a passive continental margin and it was mainly a marine facies when lava erupted. Therefore the paleogeographic environment of the Xiong'er Group evolved from continental facies to marine facies then to continental facies again.

沉积岩的岩石学和地球化学特征表明熊耳群形成于被动大陆边缘的构造环境，结合火山岩的结构、构造特征，表明火山喷发的主体环境是海相，经历了陆相到海相再到陆相的演变过程，即：伴随着裂谷的发育、地面沉降和海水的侵入，以及随着火山喷发的进行最后又高出海面暴露于地表的全过程。

During these events, the potassic volcanic rocks of Oulituozi were produced during extension stage of the rift with subsequent fractional crystallization and derived from basaltic magma.

欧利坨子富钾质火山岩的形成是裂谷期岩石圈伸展作用的产物，是玄武质岩浆经过大比例分离结晶作用的产物，可能与晚中生代太平洋板块俯冲残片的部分熔融有密切关系。

During these events, the potassic volcanic rocks of Oulituozi were produced during extension stage of the rift with subsequent fractional crystallization and derived from basaltic magma. The genesis of the volcanic rocks possibly had a close relation with partial melting of the subducted slab of Pacific Plate oceanic crust.

欧利坨子富钾质火山岩的形成是裂谷期岩石圈伸展作用的产物，是玄武质岩浆经过大比例分离结晶作用的产物，可能与晚中生代太平洋板块俯冲残片的部分熔融有密切关系。

Kamafugite is an ultra potassic volcanic rock occurred in oceanic and/or continental settings, especially in continental rift. Kamafugite is also an igneous rock outcropped very rarely in the world.

钾霞橄黄长岩是一种产于大洋和/或大陆环境，尤以大陆裂谷最为多见的超钾质火山岩，也是世界上出露最少的火成岩之一，目前世界只有少数几个国家和地区有这类岩石的报道。

We have concluded five key tectonics geologic characteristics of Chinese foreland basins based on the study of the sedimentary infill, tectonics evolution, tectonic dynamics, spatial location distribution and structural deformation geometry.(1) The foreland basin is the superimposition of the compression sedimentary stratigraphic sequence with the extension basin, and the foreland basin includes underlying rift basin and upper dustpan flexure deposited basin.(2) The foreland thrustfold structural deformation has occurred four times since the Protozoic, in the Late Caledonian, Late Hercynian, Indosinan and Late Himalayan, respectively.(3) The foreland basin developed based on the control of two factors that are the basin basement collaged by many small plates or terrains and the rejuvenation of ancient orogenic belt, so the foreland basins or foreland thrusts are located in front of ancient orogenic belt.(4) The foreland basins and the rejuvenation of ancient orogenic belt make up a giant basinmountains system resulting from the distant effect of IndiaEurasia collision, which is located on the outer circle of Tibet Plateau, so the thrust deformation intensity, basin deposition range and coupling between orogenic belt and basin changed from strong to weak as from interior to outer circle of Tibet Plateau.(5) There are many structural styles of the thrust and fold belt in different basins, such as brittle behavior faultrelated fold, ductile behavior basementinvolved structure, basementinvolved faultrelated fold, and salt structure.

在综述前人认识的基础上，笔者通过对中国前陆盆地的构造演化历程、沉积充填特征、构造成因及其空间分布规律、构造变形特征等的研究，提出了中国前陆盆地构造地质发育的5个主要特征：(1)两种不同性质的原型盆地发生正反转的叠合性，即挤压构造下作为&本体&的前陆层序与拉张构造下作为&基础&的裂谷、断陷盆地之间的叠置；(2)显生宙以来中国大陆先后发生了4期前陆冲断构造演化的多期性，它们分别是加里东晚期、海西晚期、印支期和喜马拉雅晚期；(3)基于小克拉通基底拼贴后在造山带前缘复活再生的继承性，即统一拼合大陆内部的构造变形导致古造山带的复活，在古造山带边缘发育新生代前陆盆地或前陆冲断带；(4)在空间分布上受环青藏高原巨型盆山体系控制发生陆内变形的系统性，在环青藏高原巨型盆山体系内构造变形强度、盆地沉降幅度、盆山耦合程度等从内环向外环依次降低，从古造山带向克拉通方向构造变形强度依次降低，构造变形样式逐渐简单、构造变形时间依次变新；(5)前陆冲断带的构造样式由于受边界力学条件和沉积地层介质作用而具有多变性，存在沉积盖层内脆性变形的断层相关褶皱、造山带前缘韧性变形的基底卷入构造、与走滑构造相伴生的基底卷入的断层相关褶皱、盆地内部塑性变形的盐构造。

One is that,by the shove of passive rift valley polycycle,quartz sandstone with high maturity of lithologic composition deposits on the background of sub-plain during sag period;together with the rock formation environment of paranormal saltless local water,the reservoir characterized b.

厘定该盆地这种突出商业价值的地质因素主要表现在以下两个方面：1被动裂谷的多旋回推移，在坳陷期的准平原背景下沉积了高岩石成分成熟度的石英砂岩，加之超淡地层水的成岩环境，最终形成盆地的高孔高渗储层；2&教科书&式的生储盖组合。

Rare-earth elements and depositional environments of the Sinian system in southwestern Hunan are discussed.

湘西南震旦系是在&江口裂谷&作用下形成的一套特殊地层。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。