裂缝的

There are 4 types of the pore texture for volcanic reservoir: primary vesicle—— fissure type, amygdule——fissure type, solution porosity——fissure type, and phynocryst-matrix solution porosity——fissure type.

火山岩储集的孔隙结构有4种类型，即：原生气孔——裂缝型、杏仁体内孔——裂缝型、溶蚀孔——裂缝型、斑晶溶孔——基质溶孔——裂缝型。

Study results indicate that the horizontal projection length of diagonal cracks cannot be predicted accurately when considering shear span ratio and strength ratio of longitudinal steels to stirrups separately. However the horizontal projection length can be well predicted through integrating these two influence factors due to their well representation of the entire process of diagonal cracks' occurring and development.

分析结果表明，单独考虑剪跨比和纵筋－箍筋强度比都不能很好地预测斜裂缝水平投影长度，而将两者结合能够较好地反应斜裂缝出现和发展的全过程，从而准确地计算斜裂缝水平投影长度。

Based on the fictitious crack model and critical crack tip opening displacement CTODc, the precritical crack propagation length △ac of concrete was determined by means of three point bending beams. According to the calculation value of △ac, the effective fracture toughness KunIc of concrete was evaluated.

本文采用虚拟裂缝模型，将临界裂缝尖端张开位移CTODc作为控制参数，利用三点弯曲梁试件通过迭代求得了混凝土裂缝亚临界扩展量的临界值△ac，据此求得了混凝土起裂断裂韧度KiniIc、等效断裂韧度KunIc值。

According to Duhamei theory and method of binominal calculating productivity and combing with production of gas well, bore hole pressure is suggested so that a forecasting model for testing pr.

在Gringarten等人提出无限导流垂直裂缝模型解的基础上，通过对产生的裂缝进行微元段划分，结合均匀流率垂直裂缝模型，得出了裂缝微元段数为200时的井底不稳定流动压力的半解析解，根据杜哈美原理和二项式计算产能的方法，结合气井生产，提出拟合井底压力的方法，得到一种专门针对无限导流垂直裂缝模型的多产量测试产能预测模型。

Based on some principal rules of brittle rocks polyaxial tests and previous researches, three controlling failure types for brittle rock are obtained. The first type represents the brittle failure controlled by extension microcrack under the condition of lower hydrostatic pressure; the second represents the ductile failure controlled by friction sliding action under the condition of higher hydrostatic pressure when microcrack is close; and the third represents brittle-ductile failure type controlled by multiple factors mentioned above under the condition of high hydrostatic pressure when some microcracks are open and others are close.

通过分析脆性岩石多轴试验中的强度和破坏规律，在已有研究成果基础上，将其强度和破坏控制类型主要归结为3种：类型1，低静水压力时裂缝张开扩展，主要表现为张性微裂缝控制型脆性破坏；类型2，静水压力很高时，裂缝闭合，主要表现为摩擦滑移控制型延性破坏；类型3，处于两者之间时，微裂缝一部分张开，一部分闭合，主要表现为两者复合控制型脆延破坏。

Vicissitudinary changes of temperature and humidity can easily induce shrinkage cracks,and sometimes these cracks reflect to surface of asphalt pavement.

但从多年的实际应用来看，这种水泥稳定碎石在温度或湿度交替变化时容易发生收缩裂缝和干缩裂缝，当沥青面层较薄时，这些裂缝会反射到面层，形成反射裂缝。

Because manual seed points are not exactly located on the crack features, two methods are proposed to search the geometric crack features, such as crotches. Wavelet transformation, clumpping, thinning and crossing algorithm are processed sequentialy to reach the semi-automatic feature extraciton purpose. Depending on these seed points, crack tracks and edges are determined by the method in this paper. Local image registration is utilized to raise relative accuracy and acquire the expansion of concrete cracks.

由於人工种子点并非准确落在特徵点，因此在种子点座落区域取目标视窗，使用基底函数转换边界侦测、区域增长消除杂讯区块、裂缝区块骨骼细化，接著寻找裂缝交叉点及端点，准确寻找出种子点应座落的位置，以此位置匹配后时期裂缝影像种子点，续以侦测前后时期裂缝边界，利用局部套合求得高相对精度，求得裂缝成长的情况。

A 2D two phase horizontal fracture model was established when studying hydraulic fractures for the requirement of shallow reservoir stimulation in this block; and a 3D two phase model has been built for numerical simulation of a reservoir with five-spot pattern without considering vertical fracture flow. The impacts of horizontal fracture half length and flow conductivity on recovery factor and ultimate recovery factor are studied for some certain injection and production conditions. The parameters of hydraulic fracturing are optimized.

根据该区块浅层油层改造的实际需要，研究水力裂缝时建立两维两相的水平裂缝模型，不考虑裂缝垂直方向上流动，建立了五点井网条件下三维两相油藏数值模拟模型，研究了水平裂缝半长和导流能力对油井产量、注采条件下的采收率和最终采收率等指标的影响，优化了水平裂缝参数。

But quite amount of cracks are found during the construction and operation in the PC box girder bridges, especially cracks in the anchorage zone and the inclined cracks in the box girder webs of the bridges, and some longitudinal cracks appear indeed in the deadweight phases,Moreover the variant Pre-stressed strand arrangements produce great influence for the inner inforce of the b

但目前在用预应力混凝土箱形梁的施工和运营过程中出现相当数量裂缝病害，尤其是箱梁锚固区裂缝、腹板斜裂缝，顶板纵向裂缝，有的甚至在未承受活载的自重阶段就出现裂缝，而不同的预应力布束方式对箱梁内力有很大的影响。

Fracture styles are consisted mostly of structural fracture, which not only make up the principal permeability contributor, but also control porosity distribution in the vertical and planar section. The matrix porosity has good correlation with the fracture's development in the Carboniferous bioclastic limestone member. High porosity zones are commonly found in fracture well developed parts such as structure axes, low porosity zones in less fracture structure nek.

裂缝以构造缝为主，裂缝不但是储层渗透率的主要贡献者，而且控制孔隙在垂向及平面上的分布：在纵向上，裂缝发育段也是基质孔隙发育段；而平面上，构造高部位等裂缝发育处孔隙度也相对较大，而在构造鞍部裂缝不发育区，孔隙度也低。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。