表面面积

For regular topology surface, intermediate surface local texture mapping are used; for irregular topology surface, subdivision surface local texture mapping are used. So different topology surface using different texture mapping methods can solve the contradiction between texture effect and processing speed when they are dealt with by single method. The three judge conditions of texture distortion in the process of mapping onto the sphere surface are discussed and the exiting algorithms of mapping are analyzed, the new algorithms of mapping onto the sphere surface are presented. In order to enhance the realistic of graphics, a new function of wood texture is presented. OpenGL is also introduced in this papers and some realization examples of texture mapping based on OpenGL under the environment of VC++ and POV-RAY are presented in some chapters.

对于简单拓扑表面，利用改进的两步纹理映射，对于复杂拓扑表面利用新的面片分割算法，初步解决了颜色纹理中速度与走样之间的矛盾；通过对球面纹理时纹理不变形的三个判断条件的研究，分析了现在各种球面纹理映射算法，并在此基础上提出了一种基于等面积的半球面纹理映射算法，明显减少了球面纹理的纹理变形；针对现有的木纹纹理中，两种表示木纹的颜色差距表现出的颜色突变问题进行研究，提出对这两种颜色进行线性插值或二次插值，使生成的木纹纹理颜色更加连续，更加逼真；在VC++环境下，通过调用Open GL的图形库及在Pov-Ray软件环境下，实现了参数化纹理、球面纹理、凹凸纹理及木纹纹理等各种算法。

The weighted pressure time history in each element was used to deduce the average overpressure variation on target surface.

对目标表面计算单元的压力进行面积加权平均，得到目标各表面平均超压随时间变化的曲线。

Decreasing the parts' surface roughness, as it is shown after a long time practice that can realize the reliability and stabilization of the match; can reduce faction coefficient, wear, stress concentration, vibration, noises, and power consumption; can improve the operative precision and perceptivity; can increase the support area and contact intensity; and also can improve wear degree etc.

长期的生产实践表明，降低零件的表面粗糙度，对保证配合的可靠性和稳定性；对减少摩擦系数，降低动力消耗；对提高机械和仪器的工作精度和灵敏度；对增大支撑面积，减少磨损，提高接触刚度；对减少应力集中，增加耐疲劳强度，减少振动和噪声等均起着重要的作用：即表面粗糙度直接影响着机械和仪器的使用性能和使用寿命。

When the saturated vapor of pure R11 or R113 was condensed on the PF tubes under free convection conditions, the HTCs (based on the outside area of the base tube, the same be1ow) were 14 to 20 times those of the smooth tube because the condensate surface tension made the condensate film on fin surfaces thin and the rough saw-toothed fin surfaces disturbed the boundary layer in the condeneate film.

纯R11、R113的饱和蒸气在大空间花瓣形翅片管上冷凝时，由于凝液的表面张力将翅片表面上的液膜拉薄以及粗糙的锯齿形的翅片表面扰乱了凝液膜内的流动边界层，传热膜系数（以坯管外表面积为基准，下同）是光滑管的14—20倍。

1Water Vapor TransmissionRate:The steady water vapor flow in unit timethrough unit area of abody,normal to specificparallel surfaces,under specific conditions oftemperature and humidity at eachsurface.

水蒸气透过率：在单位时间内、在单位面积上透过样品的水蒸气总量，透过方向垂直与试样特定表面，试样每个表面都保持特定的温湿度环境。

WC particles also can make the abrasive particles obtuse ,consequently reduce the cutting of abrasive particles to the coating.(7) The coating surface with unsmoothed units make the abrasive particles change moving direction . They can change the ploughing to rolling and bring light longitudinal vibration contributing to reducing the shearing force when the surface are worn by abrasive particles.

具有非光滑结构单元的复合层表面使参与复合材料磨损的磨粒改变运动方向，使之由滑动变为滚动，产生有利于减小切向力的法向微振动，减少磨粒和复合材料的接触面积和作用时间，从而大大减轻了磨粒对复合材料表面的损伤。

The DTM for automatic-design of thruway was put forward by Prof. Miller in 1956. Since then , the DEM is used for design of various circuit diagram, and for account of area, cubage, gradient of various project, and for estimating visibility from point to point; for rendering contour, grade-graph, aspect-graph, solid model; for making orthographic image and repair map in the Topography; for assistant data to classify in the Remote Sensing; as basic data in the GIS, for analysis and layout actuality of using soil, for disaster prediction; for navigation, guiding missile in the military affairs.

美国麻省理工学院Miller教授为了高速公路的自动设计于1956年提出了数字地面模型的概念后，DEM被用于各种线路的设计及各种工程的面积、体积、坡度的计算，任意两点间可视性判断及绘制任意断面图；在测绘中被用于绘制等高线、坡度坡向图、立体透视图，制作正射影像图与地图的修测；在遥感中可作为分类的辅助数据；它是地理信息系统的基础数据，可用于土地利用现状的分析、合理规划及洪水险情预报等；在军事上可用于导航及导弹制导；在工业上可利用数字表面模型DSM或数字物体模型绘制出表面结构复杂的物体的形状[2]。

This devise is a pair of reformed chopsticks,which could economize efforts and adds more efficiency through the ribs shape of design at the botton to have more contact faces and points between chopsticks and foodstuffs. It is easy to clip tiny or slippery foodstuffs just like noodles, beans or eggs. On the other hand, this reformed chopsticks is more convenient than the traditional one which is in a pole shape or have concaves on it. The reformed one need not adjust the concave side to cilp foodstuffs.

本创作是一种更省力且使用更方便的改良快子，藉由筷子夹持端之肋条状设计，增加筷子与食物间之接触面积与接触点，对於夹取面条、豆类或卤蛋等外径、体积细小或表面圆滑之食物甚为方便有效，相较於传统圆杆状或表面设有内凹沟槽之筷子，本筷子不仅夹持力更佳，使用时更不需刻意调整设有内凹沟槽之部位来夹持食物，使用上更为方便省力。

CONVEX-CONCAVE SHAPE:Unique designed of convex-concave shape,which can strengthen and expand the heated measure.

在省油器表面形成许多凹凸面：使表面受热面积加大，促进吸收光能及热能，增加红外线放射能量。

When stress is applied to a fluid that fluid will flow to a greater or lesser extent, depending upon the applied stress and the fluid's viscosity (defined as the resistance of a fluid to flow; the unit of viscosity is the poise, defined as the resistance in dynes presented by the liquid to a surface of area 1 square centimeter moving at 1 centimeter per second at a distance of 1 centimeter from another fixed surface, all submerged in the fluid).

当强调的是适用于液液将流入或多或少，这取决于应用应力和流体的粘度（定义为抵抗的流体流动；粘度的单位是镇静，界定为抵抗在戴恩斯由液体表面的面积一平方厘米移动一厘米每秒，距离一厘米从另一个固定的表面，都淹没在液体）。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。